Kharkov National

Medical University

LECTURE for dentistry students

Department of
Histology, cytology and embryology
 TEETH
AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT
TOOTH HAS 4 PARTS: WABeresford

1. ENAMEL
GINGIVA
2. DENTINE

4. PULP
3. CEMENTUM

PERIODONTAL
ALVEOLAR BONE LIGAMENT/ PDL
TOOTH DERIVES FROM ECTODERMAL ENAMEL ORGAN
(ENAMEL) AND MESENCHYME (REST)

ENAMEL

ENAMEL ORGAN DENTAL LAMINA

DENTINE
MESENCHYME PULP

CEMENTUM

DENTAL PAPILLA PDL

DENTAL SAC/FOLLICLE

A BONE
ALVEOLAR BONE
 Oral ectoderm thickens
and grows down to the
Mesenchyme mesenchyme forming
Dental lamina

Oral ectoderm
 ON THE INTERNAL
SURFACE OF DENTAL
Formation of a BUD from the dental
LAMINA
lamina IS FORMED Bud

Odontogenic mesenchyme

Next step -
formation of
enamel organ from
the bud
BUD EXPANDS AND BECOMES ENAMEL ORGAN

ENAMEL ORGAN DENTAL LAMINA

UNDERLIING IT
MESENCHYME
FORMS:

1. DENTAL PAPILLA

2. DENTAL SAC

3. ALVEOLAR BONE
 Tooth
development
• Enamel organ
• Dental lamina
• Dental papilla
• Dental sac

• Odontoblasts
• Dentine
• Ameloblasts
• Enamel

Sheath of Hertwig
 TOOTH GERM:
DENTAL LAMINA - upper
next steps degenerates , lower
forms 2nd bud

outermost papilla
cells have become
Odontoblasts,
producing dentine
DENTAL
PAPILLA
becomes
pulp

DENTAL SAC
FORMS
CEMENTUM

Ingrowing pulp vessels

2.Inner cells of TOOTH GERM: next
enamel organ steps
become
ameloblasts,
producing
enamel
1.Dentine is
produced by
odontoblasts

DENTAL SAC still

Ingrowing pulp vessels
quiescent
TOOTH GERM: all crown-forming elements present
Capillaries now close to
Ameloblasts synthesizing ameloblasts

enamel
Dentine
odontoblasts

DENTAL
PAPILLA
becoming
pulp

DENTAL SAC

2nd
 ENAMEL FORMATION - AMELOGENESIS

Ameloblast

Tomes’
Organic first deposits, +
process 30% mineral

organic materials digested;

replaced by mineral to 96% -
DEJ
maturation DEJ
Ameloblasts are pushed up
by thikening enamel and
reduced by tooth eruption
 ROOT FORMATION
REDUCED enamel
organ

ENAMEL
CROWN
DENTINE

odontoblasts
PULP

H. Root sheath
HERTWIG’S breaks up, allowing
ROOT sac mesenchymal
SHEATH = cells to contact
Epithelial
= end of dentine and to
produce cementum
enamel organ
 TOOTH & MANDIBLE DEVELOPMENT
Oral ectoderm
TONGUE
DENTAL SAC

10 TOOTH

ALVEOLAR
BONE

20 TOOTH GERM

MECKEL’S
ALVEOLAR CARTILAGE
NERVE
 TOOTH ERUPTION
CUTICLE
GINGIVAL will wear away
EPITHELIUM
still fusing with

REDUCED DENTAL
EPITHELIUM

ENAMEL
LATE ERUPTING TOOTH
ENAMEL

Rests of
DENTINE
Mallasser’s
– en.organ
GINGIVA remnants of
Root sheath
PULP
CEMENTUM
PDL
H. ROOT
SHEATH
Cementum
starting as sheath
breaks down!!
BONE
 MANDIBULAR CENTRAL
Deciduous tooth INCISORS at 2 y

Gingiva

PDL FROM
MESENCHYME
Permanent
tooth

ALVEOLAR BONE
FROM MESENCHYME

BODY of
MANDIBLE
 Deciduous tooth MANDIBULAR CENTRAL
Resorption of bone INCISORS at 2 y - Bone
& deciduous root
will start here

Permanent
tooth

Spongy/ cancellous bone

Cortical plate
dense bone
 YOUNG CHILD’S ERUPTION SEQUENCE
YEARS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

KEY
Time of emergence

Crown forming Root forming

10 2nd Molar
Deciduous
Permanent
20 Incisor

20 Cuspid

20 2nd PreMolar
 YOUNG CHILD’S ERUPTION SEQUENCE
YEARS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

10 Incisor

10 Cuspid

10 2nd Molar

20 Incisor

20 Cuspid

20 2nd PreMolar
TOOTH STRUCTURE (decidious, permanent)

ENAMEL

DENTINE
} CROWN

Cervix

CEMENTUM

PULP } ROOT
ENAMEL: Boundaries

Dentino-enamel junction DEJ

Cemento-enamel junction - CEJ

 ENAMEL: Nature

Enamel is the dead, very hard

The dense packing, curved units = prisms

composed of densely arranged mineral crystals,

R
O
Mineral is hydroxyapatite, with D
Ca2+, OH-, PO4--, etc, ions R
O
D

Cross-section of rods
 ENAMEL
Last enamel is NON-PRISMATIC

PRISMS/
RODS
between prisms is organic

Enamel is: 96% mineral,

3% water,
1% organic material

DEJ First enamel is NON-PRISMATIC

AT GROWTH. On section
Contour lines of Retzius;
rhytmic mineralisation

S-shaped prisms form Hunter-

Schreder bands
 DEJ

DEJ is actually a little irregular,

ENAMEL
SPINDLE

D
Odontoblast process stuck into
enamel matrix and form
nonmineralised spindles
ENAMEL: plates, bunches, spindles – low
mineralised sites for infection
Plates,
bunches
(tuft)

SPINDLE
DENTINE

is the major part of the

tooth,

The inner d. is not

calcified called predentine
 DENTINE: Boundaries

Dentino-enamel junction DEJ

Pulp surface

Orally exposed - pathological

Dentino-cemental junction DCJ

APICAL FORAMEN
 DENTINE consists of:

1. MATRIX of collagen
fibrils, mineral crystals,
Tomes fiber

Odontoblasts
Penetrated by 2. DENTINAL
TUBULES containing processes of
cells - ODONTOBLASTS -whose
bodies lie in the pulp
 DENTINE: Composition

MATRIX
MATRIX
collagen fibrils and
glycoproteins &
proteoglycans
28% - Organic
TUBULE

mineral crystals
72% - Inorganic
 DENTINE:

MATRIX subdivided into

1. Peritubular d. (without organic)

2. Inter-tubular d.
(mineralised collagen fibrils)
TUBULES 1-3 mm wide
 MATURE DENTINE: Varieties
MANTLE D. just below DEJ =
radial Korff fibrils

CIRCUMPULPAL D.- main mass of

dentine = perpendicular to tulules
P fibers- Ebner
U
L Predentine - UNCALSIFIED
P

REPARATIVE D. - response to
caries/erosion

* * Response relies on the pulp and the

odontoblasts staying alive & active
 MATURE DENTINE: Sites for defects

INTERGLOBULAR SPACES
uncalcified
P
U
L DEAD TRACT -
P wide, empty dentinal tubules
easily colonized by bacteria

TOMES’ GRANULAR LAYER – the

largest interglobular spaces

SCLEROTIC DENTINE -
tubules filled with mineral
 CEMENTUM: Boundaries

Cemento-enamel junction CEJ

Dentino-cemental junction DCJ

Ligamento-cemental junction

APICAL FORAMEN
CEMENTUM: Role

Cementum is the hard

covering of the root that can:
CONNECTS TO periodontal-
ligament BY fibers, and
thus
attach the tooth to the
alveolar bone.
It is itself a kind of bone
 CEMENTUM: types

P
U
L
P

The cervical half is thin

10 mm
thick } and acellular - no
cementocytes
At top cementum is
700 mm
thick
cellular
APICAL
 CEMENTUM MATRIX
Fine collagen fibrils - intrinsic

PERIODONTAL
LIGAMENT fibers
(extrinsic) become = Sharpey’s
imbedded in newly fibers
formed cementum

MATRIX PROPORTIONS

collagen fibrils and glycoproteins &

proteoglycans –
30% Organic
mineral crystals -- 70% Inorganic
 CEMENTUM: Defects

CORONAL CEMENTUM spurs,

etc, on enamel

P
U
L
P

HYPERCEMENTOSI
S -excess deposition
CEMENTICLES
IN PDL
CEMENTOCLASIA - eroded cementum
(occurs normally in decidual-tooth
shedding)
 CEMENTICLES

P Hard mineralized
U
L bodies found in the
P
periodontal ligament
or partially
imbedded in
cementum
 TOOTH TISSUES: Pulp & its role WABeresford

ENAMEL
GINGIVA
DENTINE

ALVEOLAR BONE CEMENTUM

PERIODONTAL
PULP LIGAMENT/
PDL

Its Odontoblasts alive for slow renewal of the dentine

Provides antimicrobial defense for the dentine and itself

Provides sensory feedback from the dentine

 PULP CHAMBER

CORONAL

ACCESSORY
CANAL

ROOT CANAL

APICAL FORAMEN
PULP REGIONS

Outer layer -
ODONTOBLASTS

Inner layer -
loose c.t.
with vessels
and nerves
PULP

MATRIX -
Ground substance,
fibers

CELLS –
Odontoblasts,
Fibroblasts
Macrophages,
Mast cells
Leukocytes

Blood vessels,
Nerves Lymphatics
 Sub-odontoblastic plexus in cell-
PULP ODONTOBLASTS poor zone of Weil

4
1 2 3

Nerves
Nerves:
1. PULP
2. ODONTOBLASTS
3. DENTINAL TUBULES
4. TOMES PROCESS
Blood vessels
 DENTICLES/ PULP STONES

Hard mineralized bodies

found in the pulp

PU TWO TYPES:
LP

Both may show layering/lamellar patterns from incremental

growth
 WABeresford
PERIODONTIUM –supportive apparatus
ENAMEL
3. GINGIVA

2. ALVEOLAR
BONE
1. PERIODONTAL
LIGAMENT/ PDL

1- contains Scharpey’s perforating fibers from

cementum to bone
2. Compact bone external, spongy - internal

3. Stratified slightly keratinized E, c.t.

PERIODONTIUM –
supportive apparatus

Gingiva

PDL FROM
MESENCHYME

ALVEOLAR BONE
FROM MESENCHYME

BODY of
MANDIBLE
Sites for pathology –
ENAMEL
Cysts, tumors

DENTINE
Rests of
Mallasser’s
– en.organ
GINGIVA Root sheath
PULP
CEMENTUM
PDL
RESTS OF
HERTWIG’S Cementum starting as
ROOT SHEATH

BONE