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VI ARCHITECTURE

A virtual instrument is composed of the


following blocks:
• Sensor Module,
• Sensor Interface,
• Medical Information Systems Interface,
• Processing Module,
• Database Interface, and
• User Interface.
The general architecture of a virtual
instrument
• detects physical signal - electrical form -
conditions the signal - transforms it into a
digital form
• a sensor interface - communicates
• processed,mixed, compared, and otherwise
manipulated, or stored in a database.
• Biomedical virtual instruments - medical
information
Sensor module
• Table #: Human physiological signals.
• Electrical signals
• (require only amplification)
• Electromyograph (EMG)
• Electrocardiograph (ECG)
• Electroencephalograph (EEG)
• Non-electrical signals
• (require a transducer to change the information to an electrical
signal)
• Skin conductivity
• Respiratory rate
• Blood pressure
• Peripheral body temperature
Sensors
• Implanted sensors
• On-the-body sensors
• Noncontact sensors
The signal-conditioning module
• Amplification,linearization, isolation, or
filtering of detected signals
The A/D converter
Sensor interface
• Wired Sensors
• General Purpose Interface Bus
• (GPIB), Small Computer Systems Interface
(SCSI), system buses, serial buses
• Wireless sensors
• Bluetooth, or GPRS/GSM interface
Processing Module
• Analytic processing
spectral analysis, filtering, windowing,
transforms, peak detection, or curve fitting
• artificial intelligence techniques.
measurement, system identification, and
controls
Neural networks, fuzzy logic and expert
systems
Database interface
• for off-line processing, or to keep records
• DataBase Management Systems (DBMSs)
management of data and
standardized insertion
update
deletion and selection.
Medical information system interface
• Web based telemedical applications -Unified
Resource Locators (URLs)
• Hospital information systems
• ActiveX objects – allows communication with
other information system
Presentation and control
• terminal user interfaces,
• · graphical user interfaces,
• · multimodal user interfaces, and
• · virtual and augmented reality interfaces.
User Interfaces
• Terminal User Interfaces - communication
between a user and a computer is purely
textual
• Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) - graphs,
charts, tables, gauges, or meters
• Multimodal presentation - as the physical
contact between a physician and a patient is
part of standard examination procedures
User Interfaces
• Virtual and augmented reality - generated
tumor image from MRI recording to be
superimposed on the real view of the patient
during surgery
Physical Quantities and Transducer
• Quantity in physics that can be measured.
Examples of physical quantities are mass, amount
of substance, length, time, temperature, electric
current, light intensity, force, velocity, density,
and many others.
• Transducer is a device that converts one type of
physical phenomenon, such as
• temperature, strain, pressure, or light, into
another. The most common transducers
• convert physical quantities to electrical
quantities, such as voltage or resistance.
DIGITAL INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM
• The digital instrument is an instrument that indicates the value of
measurement in the form of numbers or to be very precise
decimal numbers. All the functional units that were used in an
analog system will also be used here. He basic operation in a digital
system includes the handling of analog signals, making the
measurements, converting and handling digital data, programming
and also control.
• Digital Instrument consists of following functional blocks
• Transducer
• All the physical input parameters like temperature, pressure,
displacement, velocity, acceleration and so on will be converted
into its proportionate electrical signal.
• Signal Conditioning Unit
• This working of this unit is exactly the same as that of a signal
processing unit in an analog instrumentation system. It includes all
the balancing circuits ad calibrating elements along with it.

DIGITAL INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM
DIGITAL INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM
• Digital Recorder
• It is mostly a CRO or a computer.
• Scanner/Multiplexer
• Multiple analog signals are received by this device and are
sequentially provided on to a measuring instrument.
• Signal Converter
• It is used to convert an analog signal to a form that is
acceptable by the analog to digital converter.
• Analog to (A-D) Digital Converter
• The analog signal is converted into its proportional
digital signal. The output of an A-D converter is given to a
digital display.
DIGITAL INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM
• Auxiliary Equipment
• All the system programming and digital
data processing functions are carried out by
this unit. The auxiliary equipment may be a
single computer or may be a collection of
individual instruments. Some of its basic
functions include linearizing and limit
comparison.

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