AMITY GLOBAL BUSINESS

SCHOOL

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
TOPIC: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
MRS. ADITI TONGIA CHAND KALRA
BBA SEM-2
 WASTE
Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage,
junk) is any unwanted or useless materials.
OR
Any materials unused and rejected as worthless or
unwanted and “A useless or profile less activity using or
expanding or consuming thoughtlessly or carefully.”
 Kinds of Wastes
 Solid wastes: wastes in solid forms, domestic, commercial and
industrial wastes Examples: plastics ,bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron,
and othertrash
 Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form Examples: domestic
washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries
and othersources.
 Bio-degradable :can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
 Non-biodegradable :cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old
machines, cans, Styrofoam containers and others)
 Hazardous wastes: Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially,
agriculturally, or economically and have any of the following properties-
ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity & toxicity.
 Non-hazardous : Substances safe to use commercially, industrially,
agriculturally, or economically and do not have any of those properties
mentioned above. These substances usually create disposal problems.
 Classification of wastes
according to
their origin and type
 Municipal Solid wastes: Solid wastes that include household garbage,
rubbish, construction & packaging materials, trade refuges etc. are managed
by any municipality.
 Bio-medical wastes: Solid or liquid wastes including containers,
products generated during diagnosis, treatment & research activities of
medical sciences.
 Industrial wastes: Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by
manufacturing & processing units of various industries like chemical,
petroleum, coal,metalgas,sanitary & paper etc.
 Agricultural wastes: Wastes generated from farmingactivities. These
substances are mostly biodegradable.
 Fishery wastes: Wastes generated due to fishery activities.
 E-wastes: Electronic wastes generated from any modern establishments.
They may be described as discarded electrical or electronic devices. Some
electronic scrap components, such as CRTs, wires, circuits, mobile,
computers etc.
 Sources of Wastes

Households Agriculture

Industries Fisheries
 Solid Waste in India
 7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste
 One Sq km of additional landfill area every-year
 Rs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of these wastes
 In addition to this industries discharge about 150 million tonnes of high volume low
hazard waste every year, which is mostly dumped on open low lying land areas.

Growth of Solid Waste In India

 Waste is growing by leaps & bounds
 In 1981-91, population of Mumbai increased from 8.2 million to 12.3 million
 During the same period, municipal solid waste has grown from 3200 tonnes to 5355 tonne, an
increase of 67%
 City like Bangalore produces 2000 tonnes of waste per annum. Waste collection is very
low for all Indian cities.
 Waste Collection in India

Primarily by the city municipality

-No gradation of waste product e.g. bio-
degradable, glasses, polybags, paper shreds etc
-Dumps these wastes to the city outskirts

Local raddiwala / kabadiwala

Collecting small iron pieces by magnets
Collecting glass bottles
Collecting paper for recycling
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Municipal solid waste includes commercial and domestic

wastes generated in municipal or notified areas in
either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial
hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical
wastes.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
COMPONENTS:
 Collection
 Waste handling and segregation, storage and
processing at source.
 Transfer and Transport.
 Disposal.
 Resuing.
 1. COLLECTION
Littering of municipal solid waste shall be prohibited in cities, towns
and in urban areas notified by the State Governments. The
functional element of collection includes not only the gathering of
solid waste and recyclable materials, but also the transport of
these materials, after collection, to the location where the
collection vehicle is emptied. This location may be a materials
processing facility, a transfer station or a landfill disposal site.
2. WASTE HANDLING AND
SEGREGATION, STORAGE AND
PROCESSING AT SOURCE.
Waste handling and separation involves activities associated with
waste management until the waste is placed in storage containers
for collection. Handling also encompasses the movement of
loaded containers to the point of collection. Separating different
types of waste components is an important step in the handling
and storage of solid waste at the source. Municipal authorities shall
establish and maintain storage facilities in such a manner, as they
do not create unhygienic and unsanitary conditions around it.
 3. TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT
This element involves two main steps. First, the waste is transferred from a
smaller collection vehicle to larger transport equipment. The waste is then
transported, usually over long distances, to a processing or disposal site.

4. DISPOSAL
Today, the disposal of wastes by land filling or land spreading is the ultimate
fate of all solid wastes, whether they are residential wastes collected and
transported directly to a landfill site, residual materials from materials
recovery facilities (MRFs), residue from the combustion of solid waste,
compost, or other substances from various solid waste processing
facilities. A modern sanitary landfill is not a dump; it is an engineered
facility used for disposing of solid wastes on land without creating
nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, such as the problems of
insects and the contamination of ground water.
 PYROLYSIS
Pyrolysis is defined as thermal degradation of waste in the absence of air to
produce char, pyrolysis oil and syngas, e.g. the conversion of wood to
charcoal also it is defined as destructive distillation of waste in the absence
of oxygen. External source of heat is employed in this process.

CONTROLLED TIPPING OR LANDFILLS

Landfills are created by land dumping. Land dumping methods vary, most
commonly it involves the mass dumping of waste into a designated area,
usually a hole or sidehill. After the waste is dumped, it is then compacted
by large machines. When the dumping cell is full, it is then "sealed" with a
plastic sheet and covered in several feet of dirt. Landfills pose the threat of
pollution, and can intoxicate ground water.
 INCINIRATION
 It is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to
combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products.
 This process reduces the volumes of solid waste
 To 20-30% of the original volume.
 Also described as thermal treatment
 Where land is not available
 Hospital waste

COMPOSTING
 It involves decomposition of organic wastes by microbes by allowing the
waste to stay accumulated in a pit for a long period of time. The nutrient
rich compost can be used as plant manure.
 Method of combined disposal of refuse and night soil/ sludgePrincipal by
products are: CO2 , Water and heat.
 End product- compost
 Methods
1. Bangalore method 2. Mechanical composting 3.
Vermicomposting
 MANURE PITS
Mostly used in rural areas Digging “manure pits” is to prevent the
refuses thrown around the houses. The garbage, cattle dung, straw,
and leaves should be dumped into the manure pits and covered
with Earth. Two pits will be needed In 5-6 month’s time the refuse is
converted into manure which can be returned to the field.

5. RECYCLING
Recycling serves to transform the wastes into products of their own
genre through industrial processing. Paper, glass, aluminum, and
plastics are commonly recycled. It is environmentally friendly to
reuse the wastes instead of adding them to nature. However,
processing technologies are pretty expensive.
CONTRIBUTION BY GOVERNMENT

 Local government must provide waste management services,

which include waste removal, storage and disposal services, as
per Schedule 5B of the Constitution. Municipalities must work
with industry and other stakeholders to extend recycling at
municipal level.
 Provincial government is the primary regulatory authority for
waste activities, except for activities for which the Minister is the
authority. It must promote and ensure the implementation of the
NWMS and national norms and standards.
 National government, and in particular DEA, is ultimately
responsible for ensuring that the Waste Act is implemented.DEA
is responsible for:Establishing the National Waste Management
Strategy.Setting national norms and standards.Establishing and
maintaining a National Contaminated Land
Register.Establishing and maintaining a National Waste
Information System.Preparing and implementing a National
Integrated Waste Management Plan.
CONTRIBUTION BY NGO’s

During the recent years, NGOs (non-governmental organizations)

have taken up initiatives to work with local residents to improve
sanitation. They have been playing an active role in organizing
surveys and studies in specified disciplines of social and
technological sciences. The NGO programmes:
 Create mass awareness, ensuring public participation in
segregation of recyclable material and storage of waste at
source.
 Provide employment through organizing door-to-door collection
of waste.
 Ensure public participation in community based primary collection
system.
 Encourage minimization of waste through in-house backyard
composting, vermicomposting and biogas generation.