Mass Relationships in

Chemical Reactions
Atomic Mass 3.1
Avogadro’s Number and the 3.2
Molar Mass of an Element
Molecular Mass 3.3
The Mass Spectrometer 3.4
Percent Composition of 3.5
Compounds
Experimental Determination 3.6
of Empirical Formulas
Chemical Reactions and 3.7
Chemical Equations
Amounts of Reactants and 3.8
Products
Limiting Reagents 3.9
Reaction Yield 3.10
Atomic Mass 3.1
The mass of an atom depends on the number of electrons, protons,
and neutrons it contains.
By international agreement, atomic mass (sometimes called atomic weight ) is the
mass of the atom in atomic mass units (amu). One atomic mass unit is defined as a
mass exactly equal to one-twelfth the mass of one carbon-12 atom. Carbon-12 is the
carbon isotope that has six protons and six neutrons.

3.2 Avogadro’s Number (mole) and the Molar Mass of an Element

In the SI system the mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that contains a number of atoms, ( molecules, or other particles) as there are atoms in exactly
12 g (or 0.012 kg) of the carbon-12 isotope. The actual number of atoms in 12 g of
carbon-12 is determined experimentally. This number is called Avogadro’s number

N A = 6.022 x 10 23

1 mole of hydrogen atoms contains 6.022 x 1023 H atoms.

.Figure 3.1 shows samples containing 1 mole each of several common elements
 eggs
Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of shoes in grams
marbles
atoms
mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g 1
C atom = 12.00 amu 1
12

mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C 1

mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li 1

For any element

atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
3
Figure 3.2 The relationships between mass (m in grams) of an element and
number of moles of an element (n) and between number of moles of an
.element and number of atoms (N) of an element
m is the molar mass (g/mol) of the element and NA is Avogadro’s number .

M molar mass in g/mol=

NA = Avogadro’s number

4
We have seen that 1 mole of carbon-12 atoms has a mass of exactly 12 g and
contains 6.022 3 1023 atoms. This mass of carbon-12 is its molar mass ( M),
define d as the mass (in grams or kilograms) of 1 mole of units (such as
atoms or molecules) of a substance.
Note that the molar mass of carbon-12 (in grams) is numerically equal to its
mass in amu. Likewise, the atomic mass of sodium (Na) is 22.99 amu and its
molar mass is 22.99 g; the atomic mass of phosphorus is 30.97 amu and its
molar mass is 30.97 g; and so on. If we know the atomic mass of an element,
.we also know its molar mass
 ?Do You Understand Molar Mass
?How many atoms are in 0.32 g of Sodium (Na)
=? N (atoms) m =0.32 g

m (g) N ( atoms )
n ( mol )  
M ( g / mol ) N A ( atoms )
N  mN A / M
From periodic table

N (atoms) = 0.32 (g)×6.022×1023/23 (g/mol)

x 1021 atoms Na 8.38=

 ?How many atoms are in 0.32 g of Sodium (Na)

mol K = 23.00 g K 1
mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K 1

mol K 1 x 1023 atoms K 6.022

g K 0.32 x x =
g K 23.00 mol K 1

x 1021 atoms Na 8.38

7
7
 =? n (mole) m =6.46 g

m (g) N (atoms)
n (mol)  
M ( g / mol) N A (atoms)

From periodic table

n (mol) = m (g) / M (g/mol)
n = 6.46 / 4.003
mol He 1.61 =
 n=0.356 mole =?m (g)

m (g) N (atoms)
n (mol)  
M ( g / mol) N A (atoms)

m (g) = n (mol) × M (g/mol)

m = 0.356 × 65.39
g Zn 23.28 =
Solution: ‫طريقة أخرى‬
1 mol Zn = 65.39 g Zn
0.356 mole = ? G Zn
mass of Zn = 0.356x65.39 = 23.28 g
1
 =? N (atom) m =16.3g

m (g) N (atoms)
n (mol)  
M ( g / mol) N A (atoms)

N (atoms) = m (g) × NA (atoms) / M (g/mol)

N = 16.3 × 6.022×1023 / 32.07
S atoms 1023×3.06 =
 Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of
.the atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule

1S amu 32.07
2O x 16.00 amu 2+
SO2 SO2 amu 64.07
element I element II
Molecular mass = (No. of atoms× atomic mass) +( No. of atoms× atomic mass)

For any molecule

molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu 1
mole SO2 = 64.07 g SO2 1
 a- SO2

amu + 2(16.00 amu) 32.07=

amu 64.07=

b- C8H10N4O2

10(1.008 amu) + 4(14.01 amu) + 2(16.00 amu)( + amu 12.01)8=

amu 194.20=
?No. of moles CH4 m= 6.09 g

m (g) N (atoms)
n (mol)  
M ( g / mol) N A (atoms)

n (mol) = m (g) / M (g/mol)

((1.008)4 + 12.01) / 6.07 =
mol CH4 0.378=
?No. of H atoms m= 25.6 g 2 CO(NH2)

M = 60.06 g/mol
m (g) N (atoms)
n (mol)  
M ( g / mol) N A (atoms)

N (atoms) = m (g) × NA (atoms) / M (g/mol)

60.06 / 4 × 1023×6.022 × 25.6 =
H atoms 1024 ×1.03=
 ?Do You Understand Molecular Mass
?How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O
?No. of H atoms m= 72.5 g C3H8O

calculate M g/mol 60.09

m (g) N (atoms)
n (mol)  
M ( g / mol) N A (atoms)

N (atoms) = m (g) × NA (atoms) / M (g/mol)

60.09 / 8 × 1023×6.022 × 72.5 =
H atoms 1024 × 5.81= No. of H atoms in
molecule
 ?How many H atoms are in 56.8 g of C3H8O

mol C3H8O = (3 x 12) + (8 x 1) + 16 = 60 g C3H8O 1

mol C3H8O molecules = 8 mol H atoms 1
mol H = 6.022 x 1023 atoms H 1

mol C3H8O 1 mol H atoms 8 x 1023 H atoms 6.022

g C3H8O 56.8 x x x =
g C3H8O 60 mol C3H8O 1 mol H atoms 1

x 1024 atoms H 4.56

22
 :It must be noted that

Atomic mass Atoms

Molar mass )‫ كتلة ذرية (من الجدول الدوري‬Al, As, Ni, H
(g/mol)
molecular mass molecules

‫كتلة جزيئية‬ HCl, H2, O2, NaCl

Percent composition of an element in a compound = is the
percent by mass of each element in a compound
n x molar mass of element
x 100%
molar mass of compound
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole of
the compound
Molar mass= 2(12.01)+ 6(1.008)+ 16.0= 46.07 g
x (12.01 g) 2
=C% x 100% = 52.14%
g 46.07
x (1.008 g) 6
=H% x 100% = 13.13%
g 46.07
x (16.00 g) 1
=O% x 100% = 34.73%
g 46.07
C2H6O 100.0% = 34.73% + 13.13% + 52.14%
Check the
!answer
Molar mass of H3PO4 = 3(1.008) + 1(30.97) + 4(16.00)
g 97.99=

x (1.008 g) 3
=H% x 100% = 3.086%
g 97.99

g 30.97
=P% x 100% = 31.61%
g 97.99

x (16.00 g) 4
=O% x 100% = 65.31%
g 97.99
Molecular Mass 3.3
The molecular mass (sometimes called molecular weight )
is the sum of the atomic masses (in amu) in the molecule.
For example, the molecular mass of H2O is
1 atomic mass of O( + atomic mass of H)2
or 2(1.008 amu) + 16.00 amu = 18.02 amu

?What is the formula mass of Al2(SO4)3

Al 2 x 26.98 2
S 3 x 32.06 3
O 12 x 16.00 12+
amu 342.14
 Ex. 2
In 1 mole of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) there are 2 moles of H atoms
and 2 moles of O atoms. The molar masses of H 2 O 2 , H, and O are 34.02
g, 1.008 g, and 16.00 g, respectively. Therefore, the percent composition
of H 2 O 2 is
:calculated as follows
2 x 1.008gH
%H = x 100% = 5.926 %
34.02 g H2O2

2 x 16.00g O x 100% = 94.06 %

%O =
34.o2 g H2O2

.The sum of the percentages is 5.926% + 94.06% = 99.99%

28
 Formula mass is the sum of the atomic masses
.in a formula unit of an ionic compound( in amu)

1Na amu 22.99

NaCl 1Cl amu 35.45+
NaCl amu 58.44

For any ionic compound

formula mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)

formula unit NaCl = 58.44 amu 1

mole NaCl = 58.44 g NaCl 1
29
 ?What is the formula mass of Ca3(PO4)2

formula unit of Ca3(PO4)2 1

Ca 3 x 40.08 3
P2 x 30.97 2
O8 x 16.00 8+
amu 310.18

30
 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations 3.7

A process in which one or more substances is changed into one or more new
substances is a chemical reaction

A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a

chemical reaction
reactants products
ways of representing the reaction of H2 with O2 to form H2O 3

31
‫‪How to “Read” Chemical Equations‬‬

‫قراءة المعادلة الكيميائية‬

‫‪ - 1‬عدد الذرات أو الجزئيات‬
‫‪ - 2‬عدد المولت‬
‫للذرات أو الجزئيات )) ‪ - 3‬الكتلة المولرية‬
 How to “Read” Chemical Equations
Mg + O2 2 MgO 2
√ atoms Mg + 1 molecule O makes 2 formula units MgO 2
2

√ moles Mg + 1 mole O makes 2 moles MgO 2

2

√ grams Mg + 32.0 grams O makes 80.6 g MgO 48.6

2
)24.31(2 )16.0(2 [24.31+16.0]2

reactant =80.6 Product = 80.6

IS NOT
grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO 2
X
 Balancing Chemical Equations
‫نكتب الصيغه الصحيحه لكل متفاعل (على الطرف اليسر) ولكل ناتج (على الطرف‬
1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on the )‫اليمن‬
left side and the correct formula(s) for the product(s)
on the right side of the equation.
Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
‫وزن المعادله الكيميائيه يكون بتغير الرقام التي بجانب الصيغه وليست التي تحتها بحيث‬
.‫يكون للعنصر نفس العدد على طرفي المعادله‬
2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas
(coefficients) to make the number of atoms of each
element the same on both sides of the equation. Do
not change the subscripts.
2C2H6 NOT C4H12
 Balancing Chemical Equations
‫توزن أول العناصر القل ظهورا‬
3. Start by balancing those elements that appear
in only one reactant and one product.
C2 H 6 + O 2 CO2 + H2O start with C or H but not O

carbon 2 carbon 1 multiply CO2 by 2

on left on right
C2 H 6 + O 2 2CO2 + H2O

hydrogen 6 hydrogen 2
multiply H2O by 3
on left on right
C2 H 6 + O 2 2CO2 + 3H2O
Balancing Chemical Equations
‫ثم توزن العناصر الكثر ظهورا‬
4. Balance those elements that appear in
two or more reactants or products. 7
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O multiply O2 by 2

2 oxygen 4 oxygen + 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen

on left (2x2) (3x1) on right

7 2CO2 + 3H2O remove fraction

2 C2 H 6 +
2
O2 multiply both sides by 2
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
 Balancing Chemical Equations
‫الخطوه الخيره هي التأكد من ان لديك نفس العدد من الذرات لكل عنصر على طرفي‬
Check to make sure that you have the same number of.5‫المعادله‬
. each type of atom on both sides of the equation

2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

C (2 x 2) 4 C4
H (2 x 6) 12 H (6 x 2) 12
O (7 x 2) 14 O (4 x 2 + 6) 14
Reactants Products
C4 C4
H 12 H 12
O 14 O 14
37
 Amounts of Reactants and Products
Reactant Product
Use gram ratio
of A and B

From balanced
equation
() ( )

Write balanced chemical equation.1

Convert quantities of known substances into moles.2
Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the number.3
of moles of the sought quantity
Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units.4
 Methanol burns in air according to the equation
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion,
what mass of water is produced?
4×Molar mass = 4[(2 × 1.008)+ (1 ×16.00)]
2×Molar mass = 2[(1 × 12.01)+(4 × 1.008)+ (1 × 16.00)]

64 g of CH3OH 72 g of H2O

209 g xg
x = 72×209/64
= 235 g H2O
Methanol burns in air according to the equation
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O

If 123 g of methanol are used up in the combustion, what mass of water is

?produced

grams CH3OH moles CH3OH moles H2O grams H2O

molar mass coefficients molar mass

CH3OH chemical equation H2O

mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O 4 g H2O 18.0

g CH3OH 123 x x x =
g CH3OH 32.0 mol CH3OH 2 mol H2O 1

g H2O 138.38

41
 LIMITING REAGENTS

Excess Reagents Limiting Reagent

Limiting Reagents is the
reactant used up first
In a reaction

Excess reagents are the

Reactants present in quantities
Greater than necessary to react
With the present quantity of
The limiting reagent.
2NO + 2O2 2NO2

NO is the limiting reagent

O2 is the excess reagent

3.9
In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe 2O3

2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

.Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed

g Al mol Al mol Fe2O3 needed g Fe2O3 needed

OR

g Fe2O3 mol Fe2O3 mol Al needed g Al needed

mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3 1 g Fe2O3. 160

g Al 124 x x x = g Fe2O3 367
g Al 27.0 mol Al 2 mol Fe2O3 1

Start with 124 g Al need 367 g Fe2O3

Have more Fe2O3 (601 g) so Al is limiting reagent

44
 ‫ف‬
‫الكاش‬ ‫تتح ديد‬
‫المحدد ت‬ ‫‪Identify the Limiting Reactant‬‬

‫‪- 1 .‬حساب عدد المولت للمواد المتفاعلة وذلك بقسمة الوزن بالجرام على الكتلة‬
‫المولرية‬
‫‪ - 2‬تقسم عدد مولت كل مادة متفاعلة على عدد مولتها الموجودة في‬
‫المعادلة‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬المادة اللي تكون ناتجها أقل هي الكاشف المحدد ‪.‬‬

‫‪Calculate the amount of product obtained from the Limiting‬‬

‫بكمي‬
‫المحدد ‪ .‬حسا‬ ‫‪Reactant‬‬

‫‪ - 4‬يستخدم الكاشف المحدد لحساب كمية المادة الناتجة المطلوبة تبعا للمعادلة‬
‫الموزونة‬
 ?Do You Understand Limiting Reagents
In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
.Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed
n (mol) = m (g) / M (g/mol)
nAl = 124 / 26.98
mol 4.596=

nFe2O3 = 601 / 160

mol 3.756

‫نسبة كل مركب‬
Al = 4.596/2 = 2.298
Fe2O3 = 3.756/1 = 3.756
limiting reagent ‫الصغر عدديا هو الكاشف المحدد‬
‫ هو الكاشف المحدد‬Al ‫وبناء على النتائج فإن‬
‫لحساب كمية ‪ Fe2O3‬نستخدم الكاشف المحدد‬
‫‪g of Al‬‬ ‫‪101.96 g of Al2O3 53.96‬‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪x g 124‬‬
‫‪x = 124×101.96/53.96‬‬
‫‪g Al2O3 234.3‬‬ ‫=‬
 Use limiting reagent (Al) to calculate amount of product that
.can be formed

g Al mol Al mol Al2O3 g Al2O3

2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

mol Al 1 mol Al2O3 1 g Al2O3. 102

g Al 124 x x x = g Al2O3 234
g Al 27.0 mol Al 2 mol Al2O3 1

At this point, all the Al is consumed and Fe2O3

.remains in excess

48
 Reaction Yield

Quantities of product calculated represent the maximum

amount obtainable (100 % yield)

Most chemical reactions do not give 100 % yield of

product because of:

1-Side reactions (unwanted reactions)

2-Reversible reactions ( reactants products)
3-Losses in handling and transferring
 Reaction Yield
Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that
would result if all the limiting reagent reacted.
Actual Yield is the amount of product actually
obtained from a reaction.
The percent Yield is the proportion of the actually
yield to the theoretical yield which can be
obtained from the following relation:
Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield

3.10