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DIODE RECTIFIERS
(UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIERS)
Rectifier is a circuit that converts an AC signal to a DC signal
Rectifier
AC supply Transformer
Note: In a diode rectifiers, the power flows only from the AC source to the DC side.
2
Depending on the type of input source, rectifiers are classified into two main groups:
Half-wave
Single phase
Full-wave
Uncontrolled
rectifier
Half-wave
Three phase
Full-wave
Important equations
1 𝑇
𝑦𝑎𝑣 = න 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
1 𝑇
𝑦𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑦(𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
3
Single-phase half-wave rectifier (R load)
Circuit diagram
Waveforms
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𝑉𝑚
The average value of output voltage 𝑉𝑑𝑐 =
𝜋
𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑚
The average value of load current 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = =
𝑅 𝜋𝑅
𝑉𝑚
The rms value of output voltage 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
The rms value of load current 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑅
5
The effective (rms) value of the ac component of output voltage
2 2
𝑉𝑎𝑐 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 − 𝑉𝑑𝑐
2 2
𝑉𝑎𝑐 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 − 𝑉𝑑𝑐
RF = = = 𝐹𝐹 2 − 1
𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑑𝑐
6
The harmonic factor or total harmonic distortion (a measure for distortion of a
waveform] of the input current
2
𝐼ℎ 𝐼𝑠2 − 𝐼𝑠1
2
𝐼𝑠
𝐻𝐹 = 𝑇𝐻𝐷 = = = −1
𝐼𝑠1 𝐼𝑠1 𝐼𝑠1
Where Is1 is the rms value of the fundamental component of the input current. And Is is the rms value of
the input current.
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If Φ is the angle between the fundamental component of the input current and the
voltage, the displacement factor
𝐷𝐹 = cos ∅
8
Single-phase half-wave rectifier (RL load) without freewheeling diode
Due to inductive load, the conduction period of the diode D1 will extend beyond 180
degree until the current becomes zero.
Circuit diagram
Waveforms
9
The average value of the output voltage
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 1 − cos(𝜋 + 𝜃)
2𝜋
𝜔𝐿
𝜃= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ,𝜔 = 2 𝜋 𝑓
𝑅
The average value of the load current
𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝐼𝑑𝑐 =
𝑅
The average value of the output voltage (and hence the current) can be increased by
making θ=0, which is possible by adding a freewheeling diode Dm across the load.
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11
Single-phase half-wave rectifier (RL load) with freewheeling diode
Circuit diagram
Waveforms
The effect of the freewheeling diode Dm is to prevent the negative voltage appearing
across the load, and as a result, the magnetic stored energy is increased. At t=π/ω, the
current from D1 is transferred to Dm and this process is called commutation of diodes.
Depending on the load time constant, the load current may be discontinuous.
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Single-phase center-tap full-wave rectifier (R load)
Circuit diagram
Waveforms
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2𝑉𝑚
The average value of output voltage 𝑉𝑑𝑐 =
𝜋
𝑉𝑑𝑐 2𝑉𝑚
The average value of load current 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = =
𝑅 𝜋𝑅
𝑉𝑚
The rms value of output voltage 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
The rms value of load current 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑅
14
Single-phase bridge full-wave rectifier (R load)
Circuit diagram
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The average value of output voltage
2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 =
𝜋
The average value of load current
𝑉𝑑𝑐 2𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑑𝑐 = =
𝑅 𝜋𝑅
The rms value of output voltage
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2
The rms value of load current
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑅
Peak inverse voltage across each diode
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚
Waveforms
16
Single-phase bridge full-wave rectifier (RL load)
Circuit diagram
Waveforms
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Single-phase bridge rectifier with very large inductive load
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E#1 If a single-phase bridge rectifier supplies a very high inductive load such as a dc
motor. the turns ratio of the transformer is unity. Determine a) the HF of the input
current, and b) the input PF of the rectifier.
Note the output (load) current is constant and ripple free due to the highly inductive load.
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Using Fourier series, the input current is can be analyzed as
∞
1 2𝜋
𝐼𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑖𝑠 (𝑡) 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = 0
2𝜋 0
1 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = න 𝑖𝑠 (𝑡) cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = 0
𝜋 0
1 2𝜋 4 𝐼𝑎
𝑏𝑛 = න 𝑖𝑠 (𝑡) sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 =
𝜋 0 𝑛𝜋
2 2
𝐼𝑠 1
𝐻𝐹 = 𝑇𝐻𝐷 = −1= − 1 = 0.4843 𝑜𝑟 48.43%
𝐼𝑠1 0.9
𝐷𝐹 = cos ∅ = 1
𝐼𝑠1 cos ∅
𝑃𝐹 = = 0.9 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐼𝑠
21
Multiphase rectifier
22
Three phase bridge rectifier
Circuit diagram
23
Waveforms
24
The average value of output voltage
3 3 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = = 1.654 𝑉𝑚
𝜋
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 3 𝑉𝑚
25
E#2 A three-phase bridge rectifier supplies a high inductive load such that the average
load current Idc= 60 A and the ripple content is negligible. Determine the ratings of the
diodes if the line-to-neutral voltage of the supply is 120V, 60Hz.
1 𝜋
𝐼𝑑(𝑟𝑚𝑠) = න 𝐼𝑑𝑐 2 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 𝜋/3
1 2𝜋 𝐼𝑑𝑐
= × 𝐼𝑑𝑐 2 × = = 46.19A
2𝜋 3 3
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E#3 For the following current waveform, determine the average, rms, peak value of
the current.
𝑡3 400
𝐼1𝑎𝑣 = 150 × = 150 × = 12𝐴
𝑇 5000
2𝐼𝑚 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 2 × 150 100
𝐼2𝑎𝑣 = × = × = 1.91𝐴
𝜋 𝑇 𝜋 5000
𝑡5 − 𝑡4 200
𝐼3𝑎𝑣 = 100 × = 100 × = 4𝐴
𝑇 5000
𝑡3 400
𝐼1𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 150 × = 150 × = 42.43𝐴
𝑇 5000
𝐼𝑚 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 150 100
𝐼2𝑟𝑚𝑠 = × ×= × = 15𝐴
2 𝑇 2 5000
𝑡5 − 𝑡4 200
𝐼3𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 100 × = 100 × = 20𝐴
𝑇 5000
𝐼𝑝 = 300𝐴
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