Calculating Exothermic and Endothermic Enthalpy Changes

Content
Section 4
Energy Changes
Physical
Chemistry
Lesson 2 b) Energetics
4.10 understand that chemical reactions in which heat
energy is given out are described as exothermic and those
in which heat energy is taken in are endothermic
Energetics 4.11 describe simple calorimetry experiments for
reactions such as combustion, displacement, dissolving
and neutralisation in which heat energy changes can be
calculated from measured temperature changes
4.12 calculate molar enthalpy change from heat energy
change
4.13 understand the use of ΔH to represent enthalpy
change for exothermic and endothermic reactions
4.14 represent exothermic and endothermic reactions on
a simple energy level diagram
4.15 understand that the breaking of bonds is
endothermic and that the making of bonds is exothermic
4.16 use average bond energies to calculate the enthalpy
change during a simple chemical reaction.
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
Reactions in which heat energy is given out are

described as exothermic and those in which heat
energy is taken in are endothermic.
In a chemical reaction there is usually a

temperature change.
In an EXOTHERMIC
reaction, the
temperature goes
UP. Heat energy is
given OUT.
In a chemical reaction there is usually a

temperature change.
In an EXOTHERMIC In an ENDOTHERMIC
reaction, the reaction, the
temperature goes temperature goes
UP. Heat energy is DOWN. Heat energy
given OUT. is taken IN.
Examples of EXOTHERMIC reactions:
Combustion is a common example of an exothermic

reaction.
Methane + oxygen  Carbon dioxide + water + Heat

energy
Carbon + oxygen  Carbon dioxide + heat energy

(coal)
Neutralisation is another example of an exothermic

reaction.
Acid + Alkali  Salt + Water + Heat energy

Neutralisation is another example of an exothermic

reaction.
Acid + Alkali  Salt + Water + Heat energy
The symbol to show a change in the amount of

heat energy is ∆H (pronounced delta H)
reactants
For an EXOTHERMIC
Loss of energy
Increasing energy
reaction, ∆H is negative.
This means that heat has
been lost from the
reaction.
products
Time
Examples of ENDOTHERMIC reactions:
Endothermic reactions tend to be less common.
Dissolving ammonium nitrate crystals in water is an

endothermic reaction.
Ammonium + Water  ammonium nitrate – Heat

nitrate solution energy
Temperature of reactants = 20oC

Temperature of products = 13oC
products
For an ENDOTHERMIC
Gain in energy
Increasing energy
reaction, ∆H is positive.
This means that heat has
been gained in the
reaction.
reactants
Time
Let’s just
recap
Let’s just
recap
EXOTHERMIC
Let’s just
recap
EXOTHERMIC
Heat is given out

Let’s just
recap
EXOTHERMIC
Heat is given out
∆H is negative
Let’s just
recap
ENDOTHERMIC
Let’s just
recap
ENDOTHERMIC
Heat is taken in
Let’s just
recap
ENDOTHERMIC
Heat is taken in
∆H is positive
Another word
for the heat
energy content
of a compound is
ENTHALPY
You need to know that the unit

of energy is the JOULE (J).
You need to know that the unit

of energy is the JOULE (J).
1000 joules = 1 kilojoule (kJ)

Calculating enthalpy changes
The enthalpy change of a reaction is the
enthalpy of the products minus the
enthalpy of the reactants.
The enthalpy change of a reaction is the
enthalpy of the products minus the
enthalpy of the reactants.
Eg. Enthalpy of combustion of a fuel

Eg. Enthalpy of combustion of a fuel
The amount of energy released or

absorbed in a reaction can be measured
using this formula:
heat energy = mass of x rise in x specific heat

produced water temperature capacity of water
(joules) (grams) (oC) J/kg/oC

thermometer
Measurements: Draught shield
Temperature of Insulating card

water before and
after heating
water
Mass of water
Copper calorimeter
used
Mass of fuel used
Spirit burner
EXAMPLE: the temperature

of 100g of water was
increased by 32.6oC by heating
with 0.46 grams of ethanol.
Assuming no heat losses from

the apparatus, what was the
enthalpy of combustion of
ethanol, C2H5OH?
heat energy = 100 x 32.6 x 4.2

produced
(joules)
heat energy = 13692 (for 0.46g of ethanol)

produced
(joules)

produced
(joules)

produced
(joules)
Rememberheat thatenergy = mass of x rise in x specific heat
Another wordproduced water temperature capacity of water
a mole of a
for the heat
substance is (joules)
the (grams) (oC) J/kg/oC
energy content
relative
of a compound is
molecular mass
produced
ENTHALPY (joules)
in grams
produced
(joules)

produced
(joules)
Ethanol C2H5OH = 24 + 5 + 16 + 1 = 46

produced
(joules)
Ethanol C2H5OH = 24 + 5 + 16 + 1 = 46
So the mass of one mole of ethanol is 46g


produced
(joules)
Ethanol C2H5OH = 24 + 5 + 16 + 1 = 46
So the mass of one mole of ethanol is 46g
The energy released from the combustion of one

mole of ethanol
= 13692 x 46/0.46 = 1369200 J
= 1369.2 kJ
Burning ethanol is an EXOTHERMIC

reaction, so heat energy is lost
(∆H is –ve)
The molar enthalpy of combustion of

ethanol is therefore:
= -1369.2 kJ/mol
Use a simple calorimeter to

measure the enthalpy change
in reactions such as
dissolving, neutralisation and
displacement.
thermometer
Insulating lid
Chemical mixture (eg. acid + alkali)
Polystyrene cup (insulated)

Enthalpy of neutralisation = the

heat produced when an acid and
alkali react to produce one mole
of water.
Enthalpy of neutralisation = the

heat produced when an acid and
alkali react to produce one mole
of water.
eg. 50cm3 of 2M hydrochloric

acid were added to 50cm3 of
2M sodium hydroxide in a
polystyrene cup. The
temperature rose by 13.7oC.
eg. 50cm3 of 2M hydrochloric
acid were added to 50cm3 of 2M
sodium hydroxide in a polystyrene
cup. The temperature rose by
13.7oC.
If there were no heat losses,

and a final volume of 100cm3,
what was the enthalpy of
neutralisation?
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
Number of moles in 50cm3 of 2M

HCl = 50 x 2 = 0.1
1000
1 1 1 1

HCl = 50 x 2 = 0.1
1000
From the equation, 0.1 moles of HCl

will produce 0.1 moles of H2O
1 1 1 1

HCl = 50 x 2 = 0.1
1000
From the equation, 0.1 moles of HCl

will produce 0.1 moles of H2O
Heat released in
producing 0.1M = 100 x 13.7 x 4.2 = 5754J
of water
Heat released in
producing 0.1M = 100 x 13.7 x 4.2 = 5754J
of water
Enthalpy of = 5754 x 1/0.1 J/mol

neutralisation
Heat released in
producing 0.1M = 100 x 13.7 x 4.2 = 5754J
of water
Enthalpy of = 5754 x 1/0.1 J/mol

neutralisation
= - 57540 J/mol
= - 57.54 kJ/mol
(remember: because this is an

exothermic reaction, ∆H is negative)
Making and breaking bonds
Why are there energy
(temperature) changes in
chemical reactions?
Why are there energy
(temperature) change sin
chemical reactions?
Because chemical reactions

involve the making and
breaking of bonds!
H
H C H
H
H
Breaking chemical
bonds during a
reaction
H C H
H
When breaking a chemical bond, energy is put IN
If energy is put in, then this must be

ENDOTHERMIC

ENDOTHERMIC
When making a chemical bond, energy is given OUT


ENDOTHERMIC
If energy is given out, then this must be

EXOTHERMIC

ENDOTHERMIC
If energy is given out, then this must be

EXOTHERMIC
BREAKING bonds is ENDOTHERMIC,

MAKING bonds is EXOTHERMIC
So what happens in an
endothermic reaction?
Energy
Energy out
In
REACTANTS  PRODUCTS
More energy has to be put IN to break the old
bonds than is released when the new bonds are
formed.
So what happens in an
exothermic reaction?
Energy in
Energy
out
REACTANTS  PRODUCTS
More energy is given OUT when new bonds are
formed than is taken in when the old bonds are
broken.
Each type of bond (eg. C-C) has a specific bond
energy – it is the same whether the bond is being
made or broken.
Each type of bond (eg. C-C) has a specific bond
energy – it is the same whether the bond is being
made or broken.
BOND BOND YOU DON’T

ENERGY NEED TO
kJ/mol LEARN
THESE!
C–H 435
C=O 803
O=O 497
O–H 464
Methane + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water
CH4 2O2 CO2 2H2O
CH4 2O2 CO2 2H2O
In methane there are

four C-H bonds. Each
one has a bond energy
of 435 kJ/mol. So to
break methane apart
requires 4 x 435
kJ/mol = 1740 kJ/mol
CH4 2O2 CO2 2H2O
O=O O=C=O H-O-H
O=O H-O-H
CH4 2O2 CO2 2H2O
O=O O=C=O H-O-H
O=O H-O-H
4 x (C-H) 2 x (O=O) 2 x (C=O) 4 x (O-H)

CH4 2O2 CO2 2H2O
O=O O=C=O H-O-H
O=O H-O-H
4 x (C-H) 2 x (O=O) 2 x (C=O) 4 x (O-H)

4 x 435 + 2 x 497 2 x 803 + 4 x 464
CH4 2O2 CO2 2H2O
O=O O=C=O H-O-H
O=O H-O-H
4 x (C-H) 2 x (O=O) 2 x (C=O) 4 x (O-H)

4 x 435 + 2 x 497 2 x 803 + 4 x 464
= 1740 + 994 1606 + 1856

CH4 2O2 CO2 2H2O
O=O O=C=O H-O-H
O=O H-O-H
4 x (C-H) 2 x (O=O) 2 x (C=O) 4 x (O-H)

4 x 435 + 2 x 497 2 x 803 + 4 x 464
= 1740 + 994 1606 + 1856

= 2734 kJ/mol = 3462 kJ/mol
CH4 2O2 CO2 2H2O
O=O O=C=O H-O-H
O=O H-O-H
4 x (C-H) 2 x (O=O) 2 x (C=O) 4 x (O-H)

4 x 435 + 2 x 497 2 x 803 + 4 x 464
= 1740 + 994 1606 + 1856

= 2734 kJ/mol = 3462 kJ/mol
2734 - 3462 = - 728 kJ/mol
CH4 2O2 CO2 2H2O
O=O O=C=O H-O-H
O=O H-O-H
4 x (C-H) 2 x (O=O) 2 x (C=O) 4 x (O-H)

4 x 435 + 2 x 497 2 x 803 + 4 x 464
= 1740 + 994 1606 + 1856

= 2734 kJ/mol = 3462 kJ/mol
2734 - 3462 = - 728 kJ/mol
The negative sign shows that this is an EXOTHERMIC

reaction and heat energy is given OUT
We can show the energy changes in the form of
an energy level diagram.
Energy (kJ/mol)
Progress of reaction
Energy (kJ/mol)
2734 kJ/mol
Energy (kJ/mol)
2734 kJ/mol 3462 kJ/mol
Energy (kJ/mol)
2734 kJ/mol 3462 kJ/mol
-728 kJ/mol
End of Section 4 Lesson 2
In this lesson we have covered:

Calculating Exothermic and Endothermic Enthalpy Changes

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Content

Reactions in which heat energy is given out are

In a chemical reaction there is usually a

In a chemical reaction there is usually a

Examples of EXOTHERMIC reactions:

Combustion is a common example of an exothermic

Methane + oxygen  Carbon dioxide + water + Heat

Carbon + oxygen  Carbon dioxide + heat energy

Examples of EXOTHERMIC reactions:

Neutralisation is another example of an exothermic

Acid + Alkali  Salt + Water + Heat energy

Examples of EXOTHERMIC reactions:

Neutralisation is another example of an exothermic

Acid + Alkali  Salt + Water + Heat energy

The symbol to show a change in the amount of

Examples of ENDOTHERMIC reactions:

Endothermic reactions tend to be less common.

Dissolving ammonium nitrate crystals in water is an

Ammonium + Water  ammonium nitrate – Heat

Temperature of reactants = 20oC

Heat is given out

Heat is given out

You need to know that the unit

You need to know that the unit

1000 joules = 1 kilojoule (kJ)

Eg. Enthalpy of combustion of a fuel

The amount of energy released or

heat energy = mass of x rise in x specific heat

(joules) (grams) (oC) J/kg/oC

Measurements: Draught shield

Temperature of Insulating card

Mass of fuel used

EXAMPLE: the temperature

Assuming no heat losses from

(joules) (grams) (oC) J/kg/oC

heat energy = 100 x 32.6 x 4.2

heat energy = 13692 (for 0.46g of ethanol)

(joules) (grams) (oC) J/kg/oC

heat energy = 100 x 32.6 x 4.2

heat energy = 13692 (for 0.46g of ethanol)

heat energy = 13692 (for 0.46g of ethanol)

heat energy = 13692 (for 0.46g of ethanol)

So the mass of one mole of ethanol is 46g

heat energy = 13692 (for 0.46g of ethanol)

So the mass of one mole of ethanol is 46g

The energy released from the combustion of one

= 13692 x 46/0.46 = 1369200 J

Burning ethanol is an EXOTHERMIC

The molar enthalpy of combustion of

Use a simple calorimeter to

Chemical mixture (eg. acid + alkali)

Polystyrene cup (insulated)

Enthalpy of neutralisation = the

Enthalpy of neutralisation = the

eg. 50cm3 of 2M hydrochloric

If there were no heat losses,

Number of moles in 50cm3 of 2M

Number of moles in 50cm3 of 2M

From the equation, 0.1 moles of HCl

Number of moles in 50cm3 of 2M

From the equation, 0.1 moles of HCl

Enthalpy of = 5754 x 1/0.1 J/mol

Enthalpy of = 5754 x 1/0.1 J/mol