Rise and Fall of Muslim rule in

India
Ghaznavid Dynasty (977–1186)
• Sultan Mehmood became king of Ghazani in 997.
• He conducted 17 raids in India
• The most famous was raid of Somnath in 1025
• Death of Mehmood in 1030 ,decline of dynasty
started but dynasty ruled for another 150 years
• Earned criticism of Hindu writers ,they termed him
barbarian
• Muslim writers termed him “champion of Islam ”
 Ghaurid Dynasty(879–1215)
• The Ghaznavid dynasty in sub-continent
did not endure
• By 1040 their rule primarily remained
confined to Ghazni
• Shahab ud din Ghauri captured throne of
Ghazni in 1174
• In 1186 ,by defeating last Ghaznavid king
Khusru Malik brought an end to
Ghaznavid dynasty
 Expansion of Muslim power
• Muhammad Ghauri was first Muslim ruler who
moved across the rivers of the Punjab
• The Battles of Tarain, also known as the Battles
of Taraori, were fought in 1191 and 1192 near the
town of Tarain
• In between Ghauri’s & army of Rajputs led by
Prithvi Raj Chauhan
• In 1st battle Ghauri was defeated but won the 2nd
• Expanded his rule ,appointed Qutub din Aibak as
Governor
• With the advent of Ghauri until 1857 ,there was
always a Muslim on the throne of Delhi
DELHI SULTANATE 1206-1526
• Slave or Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290)
• Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320)
• Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1412)
• Sayyed Dynasty(1414-1451)
• Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526)
 Slave Dynasty (1206-1290)

• Qutb ud din Aibak was the founder, by

origin TURKS
• Established first Muslim rule in Delhi
• Aibak was succeeded by son in law
Shams ud din iltutmish & he was
succeeded by his daughter “Razia
Sultana”(1236)- 1st Muslim female ruler
(sub-continent)-murdered in 1240
• Threats from Khilji’s & Qabacha of Multan
 Slave Dynasty (1206-1290)

• Ghias ud Din Balban ,a Turkish slave

• He effectively restored law & order,
collapsed during his predecessor
• Faced threat from rising power of Mongols
• Death of Balban was decline of slave
dynasty
 Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320)

• Founded by Jalal ud Din Khilji, ascended to

power at the age of 70
• Succeeded by nephew Alaudin Khilji
• First Muslim ruler who conquered central &
southern India
• Mongols posed serious threat ,fought
number of battles against Mongols
• Alaudin died in 1316
• Mubark Shah last ruler
 Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1412)
• Ghias ud Din Tughlaq was founder
• Ruled for 5 years, killed by his own son
• Taimur’s invasion jolted Tughlaq dynasty
 Sayyed Dynasty(1414-1451)
Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526)
• Founded by Khizar khan who was
nominee of Timor to rule Delhi
• Shah Alam was the last ruler of Sayyed
dynasty
• Bahlol Lodhi founded Lodhi dynasty,
succeeded by Sikandar Lodhi
• Ibrahim Lodhi was last ruler defeated by
Babur in 1526
• It proved end of Delhi Sultanate
 Mughal Dynasty(1526-1857)
• Founded by Chugtai Turk Prince –Babur
• Secured control of Punjab
• Defeated Lodhi at Panipat -1526
• At his death (1530) he controlled all of
northern India
• Humayun lost control of the empire to
Afghan armies led by “Suri” in 1540 but
recaptured in 1555.
 Mughal Dynasty(1526-1857)
• Akbar defeated Hindu usurper Hemu in
1556 & reestablished dynasty in India
• Akbar reestablished & reconsolidated the
Mughal empire
• At Akbar’s death in 1605 ,the empire
extended from Afghanistan to the Bay of
Bengal & southward to Gujarat & the
Northern Deccan
• Jahangir was another successful ruler
 Mughal Dynasty(1526-1857)
• Shah Jahan had passion for construction
of buildings, his era touched cultural
excellence
• Death of Aurangzeb 1707
• Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to
Rangoon ,died in 1862
 Internal Factors
• Wars of successions
• Internal intrigues
• Moral decadence
• Demoralized & insufficient army
• Absence of naval power
• Rise of independent dynasties
• Rise of Marhatas & Sikhs
 Internal Factors
• Wars of Succession
I. Led to the decline of Mughal Empire
II.Mughals failed to develop law of succession,
hence paved way for wars of succession
III.Resulted into bitterness, loss of money &
prestige of empire
• Incompetent successors of Aurangzeb
I. Death of Aurangzeb in 1703
II.Successors were not competent to administer
the vast empire
 Internal Factors
• Internal intrigues
i. Internal intrigues eroded the administrative
fabric
ii. Mughal court divided on sectarian ,ethnic
& religious considerations( Shia vs. Sunni,
Persians vs. Afghans & Muslims vs.
Hindus)
iii.Instead of paying attention to external
threats time & energy primarily consumed
on countering intrigues
 Internal Factors
• Moral decadence
i. Mughal nobility fond of pleasure seeking,
lacked strength of character
ii. Emerged as ease loving & cowardly
 Financial constraints
i. Wars of succession, rebellions &
luxurious living style pushed the empire
to financial bankruptcy
 Internal Factors
• Demoralized Army
i. One of the prime reason of decline was
demoralized army
ii. Low morale, weak command structure,
training & discipline
iii. Outdated equipments
iv. Contingents maintained by different nobles
v. Military weakness provided opportunity to
British imperialist to exploit
 Internal Factors
• Absence of Naval power
i. Mughals had no Navy, had small ships
,no match for well equipped ships of
foreign traders
ii. French & British both exploited
• Rise of Marhathas & Sikhs
i. Marhathas & Sikhs staged rebellion &
challenged the Mughals
 Internal Factors
• Rise of Independent Dynasties
i. Aurangzeb extended empire from
Afghanistan to Assam, from Kashmir to
Mysore
ii. Difficult for one ruler to administer
iii. Later Deccan ,Bengal ,Bihar & Orissa
declared independence
iv. It proved loss of revenue & exposed the
weakness of empire
 External Factors
• Rise of British
i. British landed as traders
ii. Trade activities converted into political
activities
iii.War of Plassey 1757 & defeat of Nawab
Siraj ud Daula laid foundation of British
rule in India
iv.After failed war of independence ,the
British formally became rulers of India
 External Factors
• Incursion of Nadir Shah
i. In 1738 Persian King Nadir shah invaded
Delhi, defeated Muhammad Shah
ii. Slaughtered local people & looted wealth
• Attack by Ahmad Shah Abdali
i. 1748-61 five attacks staged by Ahmad
Shah Abdali
 Factors contributing towards
spread of Islam
• Arrival of missionaries & mystics
• Inter marriages
• Equality
• Justice
• Liberation from caste system
Muslim Reformist Movements
Mujadad Alf Sani

Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi

 Brief Life History
• Birth 26th June 1564, Sirhind in East Punajb.
Named Ahmed and title was Badr-ul-Dir
• S/o Sheikh Abdul Ahad uptio Hazrat Umer
Farooq
• Read Quran, Hadith and Fiqh from father and
Maulana Kamal and Maulana Yaqub Kashmiri
• Journey to Agra and met with Fazl and Faizi
• Journey to Delhi and met with Hazrat Khawaja
Baqi Billah Bairang
• Died in 10th December 1624 in Sirhin
 WORKS OF MUJADAD
• Maktoobat (3 Volumes, Research and Ijtehad, His
complete work and philosophy of life, faith and
religion)
• Asbat un Nabooh (Is logic and reason enough, need of
prophet and diving knowledge, at the age of 18)
• Risala e Tahleelia (Israr e Tauheed and La ilaha,
against Akbar’s Bida’at
• Sharah Ruba’iat (Tafseer of Rubaiat of Baqi Billah)
• Mabd au Muaad (Khawaja Baqi Billah and about
Naqshbandi Silsala
• Maaraf ud Dunya (Maarafat e Ilahi, Slook o Tareeqat,
Shariah and Tassawuf)
 Quotation
Hazrat Khwaja Baqi Billah predicted
“Sheikh Ahmad is such a light which will
illuminate the whole world”

Hamid Algar (Malaysia)

“The Maktubat of Sirhindi came to replace
the focus of Ibn e Arabi as a text for study
and meditation”
 Service to Islam
• Origin of Concept of Wahdatul Shahood
against Mohayyudin Ibn-e-Arabi’s concept
• Efforts against Bhakti Movement and
Deen-e-Ilahi
• The Bhakti movement is a Hindu religious
movement in which the main spiritual
practice is loving devotion among the
Vaishnava saints.
 Situation at the time of Mujadid
• Sulah e Kul and Univeralism (Nehru “The Discovery of India”)
• Shaitan Purah
• Riba, Gambling, Bribery, and Sharab as Halal
• Ban on Salat and Hajj
• Eating allowed in Ramzan,
• Various Mosques were demolished
• Sources of law were changed from Quran, Hadith and
Sunnah
• Jinn o Malaik, Karamaat were declared false
• Azaab e Qabar declared as false
• Hindu festivals and culture adopted by the king
• No respect given to Sahaba , Tabiin and Saleheen
 Bhakti Movement
• The history of the movement goes back to the time of
great reformer Shankracharya who gave Hinduism a
solid philosophical background. But the movement
became popular in the middle ages. Chaitanya led the
movement in the east( modern Uttar Pradesh), Tuka
Ram, Nam Dev and Tirlochan in the Central India,
Sadna, Pipa, Mirabai, Tulsi Das and above all Kabir
were its leaders in the north. Kabir’s teachings had great
influence in the Punjab, but actually the movement in the
Punjab was led by Guru Nanak and his nine successors.
The message of love and devotion to god was spread
among the people of the Punjab for ten generations. This
intense and organized propaganda of the Bhakti cult by
the Sikh Gurus led to the foundation of a community of
Bhaktas known as the Sikhs.
From the One Light, the entire universe welled up. So who is good,
and who is bad?"
 Quotation
• “To consider Ram and Rehman as one is
stupidity because creator cannot be one
with its creation”
 Reformation Efforts
• Transfer of Kingdom to Prince Saleem
(Jehangir)
• Connection with Dignitaries specially with
Ameer Nawab Jahan Khan
“You can add the abiding by of Shariat in your
services and do the work of prophets which
will exalt the religion. Begars like us cannot
reach anywhere near you even if we try for
yers with our lives”
• Imprisonment by Jehangir in Gwaliar for
one year but later received Khilat-e-
Fakhira and 1000 rupess
• Promotion of Naqshbandia Chain
• Reformin Scholars and Mystics
• Oppsition of Bidaat
• Reformation through Documents
• Starting of two-nation theory
• Concept of Government (Amir Sheikh
Farid Bukhari
“The position of a king is the same as that of
the heart in the body, if the heart is pure the
body will be pure and if the heart is not pure
how can the body be pure.”
 Effect of Teachings
• Jehangir instead of Khusro
• Differentiation of Kurf and Islam (Ram and
Rahman, Kaaba and Kaashi, Quran and
Paran)
• Dominance of Islam
• Opposing United Nationnhood
• Advise on Shariat
• Shariat’s superirority to Myticism
 Quotations
• “Kashf and revelation get value through the book
of Allah and Sunnah and not through wajd”
• “If Muslims want to live as a nation than they
have to quit the talk of shirk and Bidat and stay
separate from Hindus. If the awareness of
separate national identity is not awakened in
Muslims then it is feared that they would be
swept away with the flood of combined
nationhood. Islam would become observed in
the soil of and would be destroyed like
Buddhism and other religion which have been
absorbed in Hinduism”
Shah Wali Ullah

Qutbuddin
 Early Life
• 21st February 1703 in Moza Phalat near
Delhi
• S/o Abdul Rahim founder of Madrassa
Rahimia
• Pedigree leads up to Hazrat Umer from
father’s side and to Imam Musa Kazim
from mother’s side
Educational and Religious Services
• Persian Translation of Holy Quran to
answer questions of Christian Missionaries
• Al Fauz al Kabir, Muqadima Fe Tarjumatul
Quran, Hajjatul hil balagha, Shahrah al
Mustafa, Shahrah al Musawa, Insaf-e-
Biyan Fe Sabab Ul Ikhtilaf, Fi ahkam al-
ijtihad wa'l-taqlid, Tafhemat Ilahi, Izaalatul
Khifaa
 Social and Political Services
• Ending of Social Evils
• Reformation of Islamic Society
• Invitation to Ahmed Shah Abdali and
formation of Majlis-e-Muntazima
• Representation of Unity of Islamic World
• Opposition of Sectarianism
• Revolutionary Legislature for Islam
 Shah Waliullah’s four basic principles of
economics
• Shah Waliullah has discussed about the four basic principles of
economics; such as Production of wealth, consumption of wealth,
distribution of wealth, exchange of wealth.
The whole nation is participant in the production of wealth, so it
should be distributed in the whole nation. He established the
principles for distribution of wealth among people as well as the
values that how the wealth should be consumed. That economic
system is successful which establishes the principles for these four
branches.

• The first principle is that people living in specific geographic

boundaries has the right over the resources of that area. That
economic system in which all the people are equal no single person
or specific class can get hold of the resources. He has narrated
Hazrat Abu Bakkar Siddique in Aizaalatul Khifa “Equality is better in
economics than giving priority to one group over other.
 Shah Waliullah’s four basic principles of
economics
• Second principle is that everybody has the right to have
limited owner ship as the abilities of every individual are
different. Not that the whole nation should have same
clothing, food and houses.
• Third principle is that any practice which concentrates
wealth in certain hands will not be tolerated and the
system will oppose it.
• Fourth principle is that such a balance should be
maintained in these factors that society develop as a
whole.
Shah waliullah stressed on the creation of a party on
such principles which will end the outmoded system and
built a new system which ensures the development of
society as a whole.
Aligarh Movement

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

 Early Life
• 17th October, 1817 to Syed Muttaqi
• Joined East India Company in 1836 in the office of
Commissioner of Agra and soon promoted as sub-judge
• In 1857 saved 20 British Families and was made Sadr-
us-Sadoor
• In 1869 along with Syed Mehmood went to England and
wrote Khutbat-e-Ahmadia
• In 1878 Lord Dalton nominated him Member of Imperial
Council
• In 1887 Lord Defren made him Member of Civil Service
Commission
• Died in 1898 in Ali Garh
 RESOURCE FOR ALIGARH
• HAYAT E JAVAID BY HALI
• Writings and Speeches of Sir Syed
compiled by Shan Muhammad
 MAO College and AliGarh
• There are three myths about the Aligarh movement: it was simply a movement for
education, Aligarh Muslim University IS the movement, and that the movement is long
dead. Syed Ahmed Khan’s concerns, visions, and efforts for the Indian Muslims came to be
later known as the Aligarh Movement but it was not simply a movement to make Muslims
learn Western education or even the establishment of a university. It was a movement to
give mission to a community that seemed to have lost its bearing in the fast-changing
world, to prepare them for new challenges, and give them new tools to connect back to
their religion and history. Incredibly, Muslims of India still face these issues and the need
for Aligarh movement is still alive.

• Rarely history offers such a sharp divide as in 1857 when medieval India came to a close
and a modern India emerged from the ruins. Syed Ahmed understood the new power and
new rules that will shape the future of India. British saw Muslims as a threat and a
challenge to the British rule in India. They held Muslims responsible for the brutal 1857 war
between British and Indian forces. In this situation Muslim centers of learning and culture in
North India were uprooted or abandoned. At that time Syed Ahmad was in the employment
of the British. He wrote “Asbab-e-baghawat-e-hind” (The Causes of the Indian Revolt) to
show that events of 1857 was a result of British high-handedness in India and not a
conspiracy by the Muslim feudal elites. It was an attempt to tell the rulers of India that we
understand that you are here to stay but we want to be a partner in this new system.
 Chronology of Sir Syed’s Efforts
Aligarh Movement
• 1859: Built Gulshan School in Muradabad.
• 1863: Set up Victoria School in Ghazipur.
• 1864: Set up the Scientific Society in Aligarh.
This society was involved in the translation of
English works into the native language.
• 1866: Aligarh Institute Gazette. This imparted
information on history; ancient and modern
science of agriculture, natural and physical
sciences and advanced mathematics.
• 1870: Committee Striving for the Educational
Progress of Muslims.
 Chronology of Sir Syed’s Efforts
Aligarh Movement
• 1875: Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental School (M.
A. O.), Aligarh, setup on the pattern of English
public schools. Later raised to the level of
college in 1877 and university in 1920.
• 1886: Muhammadan Educational Conference.
This conference met every year to take stock of
the educational problems of the Muslims and to
persuade them to get modern education and
abstain from politics. It later became the political
mouthpiece of the Indian Muslims and was the
forerunner of the Muslim League.
• MAO College Aligarh to Muslim University
 Objectives of Movement
• To protect Islam against the onslaught of Orientalists and to prove
that it was the one true religion;
• To remove the bitter enmity which had arisen between the Muslim
and the British for religious or political reasons and to establish
friendly relations between them;
• To reinterpret the teaching of Islam and bring them in harmony with
modern science and philosophy so that educated Muslims while
holding on to their religion, might take a rational and enlightened
view of life and meet the demands of the new age;
• To persuade Muslims to learn the English language and Western
sciences so that they might secure a substantial share in the
administration of the country.
• To maintain Urdu along with English as an associate official
language and to develop it through translations and original writings
 QUOTATIONS
• “Sir Saiyad was a prophet of education “ (Mahatma Gandhi)

• “The real greatness of the man (Sir Saiyad) consists in the fact
that he was the first Indian Muslim who felt the need of a fresh
orientation of Islam and worked for it’’ (Sir Allama Iqbal)
•

• “Sir Saiyad was an ardent reformer and he wanted to reconcile

modern scientific thought with religion by rationalistic
interpretations and not by attacking basic belief. He was
anxious to push new education. He was in no way communally
separatist. Repeatedly he emphasized that religious differences
should have no political and national significance”.
( Jawaharlal Nehru, Founder Prime Minister of India)
 Works of Sir Syed
• Abtal e Ghulami
• Ahkam Ta’am al-kitab
• Ain-E Akbari, 1855, Urdu
• Al Khutbat al Ahmadiya (1870), in reply to Muir''s "Life of
Mahomet"
• Aldua Wal Istajaba (1892), Urdu
• Asbabe Baghavate Hind (1858), Urdu
• Izalatul Ghain An Zulqurnain (1889), Urdu
• On Hunter's "Our Indian Musalmans", 1872 (Eng)
• Tabiyul Kalam Fi Tafsir Al-Taurat-o wal Injeel, 1862,
Urdu
• Asar al Sanadid
 Effects of Aligarh Movement
• Development of Western Education
• Establishment of Islamic Educational Institutes
• Economic Development of Muslims
• Political Leadership
– Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar, Maulana Shokat Ali,
Nawab Mehdi Khan (Mohsin-ul-Mulk), Nawab Wiqar-
ul-Mulk and Nawab Ishaq Khan, Liaquat Ali,
Nazimuddin
• Development of Urdu Language
• Role in Pakistan Movement
• Negative Effects of Aligarh Movement
 Aligarh Movement
 Political Aspect
 The causes of the Indian Revolt
(Admission of Indians to Legislative Councils
 Loyal Muhammadans of India
 Opposition to the Muslim
participation in the politics (Badruddin
Tayyabji).
 Muhammadan Educational Conference
 Two Nation Theory (Hindi-Urdu
Controversy, Larger community will over ride
the smaller community)
Aligarh Movement
 Educational Aspects
 Establishment of Schools
 Scientific Society
 Establishment of M.A.O School
 Establishment of M.A.O College
 Publication of Tahzeeb-ul-Akhlaq
Aligarh Movement
 Social Aspects
 Western Rationalism
 Preaching the Western Civilization
 Superstitions outlook
 Ahkam-e-Taam-e-Ahle-Kitab
 Muslim Orphan Houses
 Tafsir al Jinn Wal Jan ala mafi al Quran
(1891), Urdu
 Quotations
• Educate, Educate, Educate
Landmarks of the Pakistan Movement by
S.M.Burke
• “Hindus and Muslims are two
irreconcilable Nations” (While talking to
Altaf Hussain Hali)
• The British System of Election;Pure and
Simple is not suitable for india
• C.F. Andrews and Girja Mookerjee, The
Rise and Growth of the Congress in India
p 52
“Other men have written books and founded
colleges; but to arrest as with a wall, the
degeneration of a whole people, that is a
work of a prophet
 Quotations
• G.F.I. Graham The Life and Work of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
“One of his great characteristics is his untiring energy. In addition to
great breadth of views on question of national importance, he
posseses a power of work as regards minute details which is
astonishing. Up at 4 am he writes his newspaper articles, his books
and pamphlets- sees visitors, official and private – conducts the
onerous duties of the secretary ship to the College Committees not
only by dat, but not infrequently far into the night. His meals are
served in European style, and he is a rigid abstainer from all liquor
except Adam’s ale. The topics of conversation range from
discussions on metaphysics, religion, and politics to quotations from
Persian poets and humorous anecdotes. He is of middle height and
of massive build, weighing upwards of nineteen stone. He has a
hearty laugh and enjoys a joke as much as any man”
Dar-ul-Alum Deoband

Uttar Pardesh,India
 Background
• Madrassa e Rahimia
– Shah Muhammad Ishaq and Shah Abdul Ghani
– Shah Ghulam Ali and Shah Makhshooullah
• Corruption of Islam by British Colonialism
• Protection of Faith and Christian Missionaries
• Establishment of Dar-ul-Aloom Deoband
– The foundation of Darul Uloom Deoband was laid
down in 1283 A.H. (21st of May 1866 A.D.) beneath a
pomegranate tree
– Poper working on 3rd May, 1867 by a student
Mehmood-ul-Hasan and a teacher Maulvi Mohammad
Mehmood, Syed Abid Hussain
– Maulana Muhammad Qasim at 10 rupees/month
– Later became the second largest Islamic University
 Rise of Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband
• Efforts of Maulana Qasim and its
expansion
• In Muradabad, Saharan Pur, Nagina
• Later Jamia Millia Nawakhlian (Qasim-ul-
Aloom)
Basic Principles of Darul Aloom
• Principles were conceived by Maulana
Qasim Nanautvi
– Steps for collecting donations
– Permanent Residence for Students
– Coordination Among Teacher
– Educational Syllabus
– No Interference
– Donors and Preachers
– No permanent Income
Basic Principles of Darul Aloom
• The faculty instructed its students primarily
in Urdu, the lingua franca of the urbanised
section of the region, and supplemented it
with study of Arabic (for theological
reasons) and Persian (for cultural and
literary reasons. In due course, it also
unwittingly cemented the growing
association of the Urdu language with the
north Indian Muslim community
 Pattern of Education
• Deoband's curriculum is based on the 17th-century Indo-
Islamic syllabus known as Dars-e-Nizami. The core
curriculum teaches Islamic law (Shariah), Islamic
jurispridence (Fiqh), traditional Islamic spirituality (known
as Tasawwuf, which is the focus of Sufism), as well as
several other fields of Islamic study.[4][5]
• The current syllabus consists of four stages. The first
three stages can be completed in a total of eight years.
The final stage is a post-graduate stage where students
specialize in a number of advanced topics, such as the
sciences of Hadeeth, Fiqh and so on.
 Characteristics of Education in
Ali Garh
• MAO College was equipped with the above
philosophy. Tarbiyat of the students living in
Hostels were part of the duties of Principal and
Manager of Hostels. For Islamic and moral
education, Sir Saiyad created a position of Nazim-
e-Diniyaat for MAO College who was responsible
for Islamic and moral education of the students.
Dars-e-Quran was part of curriculum of the college
and every morning before the start of the class,
Allama Shibli Nomani used to give Dars-e-Quran
for about half hour from 1887 to 1895 and later on
the responsibility was handed over to Maulana
Abdullah Ansari, the founder Nazim-e-Diniyaat.
 Main Events
• Maulana Rasheed Ahmed Gangohi
tookover in 15th April, 1880
– Legitimacy regarding relations with non
Muslims
– Thus western Education also nourished
• Mehmood-ul-Hassan (Sheikhul Hind) in
1889 and Tehreek-e-Reshmi Romaal
• Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi in 1920 and
Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam
 Impact of Deoband School
• Many Islamic schools throughout modern India and
Pakistan - and more recently in Afghanistan, the United
Kingdom, South Africa - as well as in hundreds of other
places throughout the world are affiliated, or theologically
linked, to Darul Uloom Deoband. Famous seminaries
have been established by its graduates

• As the official website of the Darul Uloom proclaims in

flowery language, 'the whole of Asia is redolent with the
aroma of this Prophetic garden.'
 Notable Ulema
• Mehmood-ul-Hasan
• Anwar Shah Kashmiri
• Mufti Mohammad Naeem Ludihanavi
• Raees-ul-Ahrar Maulana Habib-ur-Rehman Ludihanavi
• Shabbir Ahmad Usmani
• Ubaidullah Sindhi
• Husain Ahmed Madani
• Ashraf Ali Thanwi
• Muhammad Shafi Uthmani (Mufti-e-Azam Pakistan)
• Qari Muhammad Tayaib Qasmi (President of Khatm-e-Nubuwwat
Movement Hong Kong,China).
• Muhammad Ilyas]] Kandhelvi
• Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi
• Nik Aziz Nik Mat (Chief Minister of Kelantan State, Malaysia)
• Allama Ghulam Mustafa Qasmi, Sindh, Pakistan
• Shaikhul Hadith Maulana Naseer Ahmad Khan Buland Shehri
 Notable Institutions
• Darul Uloom Deoband, Uttar Pradesh, India
• Darul-uloom Nadwatul Ulama, Lucknow, India
• Jamia Uloom ul Islamia(Binori Town), Karachi, Pakistan
• Darul Uloom Haqqania, Akora Khattak, Pakistan
• Jamia Ashrafia, Lahore, Pakistan
• Jamiah Rahmania Arabia Dhaka, Bangladesh
• Jamiah Darul Uloom Zahedan, Zahedan, Iran
• Darul Uloom London, London, England
• Darul Uloom Al-Madania, Buffalo, New York
• Darul Uloom Zakariyya, Lenasia, South Africa
 Recent Developments
• The Darul Uloom has expanded its activities and started
new departments during the last decades. In view of
great challenge from the Ahmadiyya
Movement (Qadiyanism), Darul Uloom convened the All
India Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat Conference and
established a special department to refute Qadiyanism. It
started the 'Shaikhul Hind Academy' for publishing
books, and training students in Urdu journalism. In 1996,
the Computer Department was opened, which was later
extended and an Internet Department also added. The
Darul Uloom has also introduced a two-year full-time
Diploma in English language and literature for students
wishing to pursue higher education in universities.
 Quotation
• Khan Abdul Ghafar Khan
“I have had relation with Darul Uloom since the
time the Shaikh-ul-Hind, Maulana Mehmud
Hasan, was alive. Sitting here, we used to
make plans for the independence movement,
as to how we might drive away the English
from this country and how we could make
India free from the yoke of slavery of the
British Raj. This institution has made great
efforts for the freedom of this country”
Comparison with Aligarh Movement
• Maulana Rasheed Gangoohi and Sir Syed
• Western vs. Orthodox education
• Educational Consciousness
• Political Philosophies
• Ideas on Two Nation Theory
• Role in Pakistan Movement
nadwatul Ullama

Lucknow
 Background
• Gap between materialism and spiritualism
• Role of Ceaser Vs Role of God
• Isolation of Ulema from Practical life
• Sectional Jealousies
• To reach a middle path between classical Islam and modernity.
• It was founded at Kanpur in 1894 in the first annual convention
of Nadwatul Ulema ("Organisation of Scholars") by Allama
Shibli Nomani, Muhammad Ali Mongiri, Ashraf Ali Thanwi
and Mahmud-ul-Hasan, with an idea to counter the challenge of
western education. The institution was intended to be a
modified version of Deoband. The foundation stone was laid
by Sir. John Briscott Hewitt, Lt. Governor of India on
November 28, 1906.
• Pioneer of the movement was Deputy Collector Maulvi Abdul
Ghafoor
• In 1894 Maulvi Muhammad Ali Kanpuri was made its first
Administrator (Nazim)
 Why NADWA?
• The choice of the name Nadwa got inspiration
from a hall in Mecca, where nobles used to
assemble to deliberate. Nadwa was eventually
shifted to Lucknow in 1898 (from Kanpur) and
updated the Islamic curricula with modern
sciences, vocational training etc
 Vision of the Founders
• The Present educational system and needs a reform.

• Principles or representative of all the Islamic Institutions (Madaaris) should attend the
annual convention of Nadwatul Ulema.

• A Federation of Madaaris should be formed so that all the madaaris should come under
one umbrella. To implement this scheme few large Madaaris should be started which
will act as a main Madrasah known as Nadwatul-Uloom and rest will be their branches.
Nadwatul-Uloom will keep an eye on the activities of the branches.

• Expansion of Madarsa Faiz-e-Aam with Hostel facility.

• Curriculum reform (This was proposed by Shah Muhammad Husain Allahabadi and
seconded by Allama Shibli Nomani)
 Aims
• To serve as a bridge between the Old World and the new but
firm and unbending in the matter of fundamentals.
• Aimed at producing an educated class of Muslims well versed
in traditional learning and yet actively involved with the ruling
power.
• Sought to give Arabic, both modern and classical, a central
place in its system of education besides facilitating links with
Muslim West Asia.
• Safety of Islamic Society
• Eliminating the Mutual Tension b/w Ulemas
• Betterment of Indian Muslims
 Reaction of the Society
• Initially Opposition by both Muslims and Non
Muslims
• Sir Anthony Mcdonald governor of UP called
them a “tool of politics”
• Ahmad Raza Khan Brailvi organized a warrior
group against them
• Deoband Ulemas opposed Maulana Shibli
Naumani
 Extension of the movement
• British Government, Aga Khan and
Nawabs of Bhopal and Bahawalpur
donated
• Maulana Shibli Naumani’s time as the
administrator is called the golden period of
nadwa
 Comparison
• Deoband and AIigarh were opposites and
nadwa was formed to act as a bridge
between them
• Syed Suleman Nadvi and Ashraf Ali
Thanvi an era of good relations started as
Suleman was a disciple of Thanvi
• All worked to educate the muslims
Tehreek-e-Reshmi Romal
• The key leaders of that movement were
Maulana Husain Ahmad Madni, Maulana
Shah Raheem Raipuri, Maulana
Ubaidullah Sindhi and Maulana
Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari.
 Background
• After World War -1 in 1914 Sheikh-ul-Hind
Maulana Mehmood ul Hassan started a
movement against Britishers
• Maulana Ubaid Ullah Sindhi selected and was
sent to kabul for that purpose
• This movement is known as Tehreek-e Reshmi
Rumal (Silken Kerchief movement) because the
letters exchanged between Shaikhul Hind and
his colleagues containing the outlines of the plan
to recruit the volunteers for the army and to
establish a national government(soraj) were
written on silk piece of cloth.
 Ubaid ulllah Sindhi’s plan of
Freedom
• Turk Army to enter India via Afghanista
• Revolutionaries to support them from India
• Agreements made with Afghanistan and
Turkey. First between Mujahideen and
Turk Government and Second between
Turk and Afhghan governments
• After repulsion of British the Turk Army
would go back
 Actuality of the Tehreek
• Silk Handkerchiefs were made
• Spied got hold of the information and
Maulana Mehmood-ul-Hassan was
arrested from Makkah by Hussain Sharif
Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam

Lahore
 Background
• Christian Missionaries and Hindu Pandits
were having the hold of the educational
institutes of Punjab
• On 24th Sep 1884 Chiragh Din called a
meeting of 250 Muslims in Mochi Gate
Mosque Lahore
 Office Bearers
• Qazi Khalifa Hammed ud Din was made
President
• Maulvi Ghulam Ullah Qasoori made the
General Secretary
• Munshi Chiragh Din, Haji Mir
Shamshuddin, Maulvi Ghulam Ullah Khan,
Najamuddin Nazir and Dr Muhammad Din
Nazir
 Donation System
• In the first meeting 54 rupees collected
• In the first year 750 rupees collected
 Administrative Structure
• Lahore the centre office and the General
Council sat there.
• Standing Committee to take decision
 Aims
• Answer to the objections of christian
missionaries
• Formation of Modern Islamic Educational
Institutes
• Arrangements for
 Services of Anjuman
• The Amjuman is running an orphanage (Yateem
Khana, established in 1884) as well as Dar-ul-
Shafqat (Male)Dar-ul-Shafqat (Female)Dar-ul-
Aman (Female)Dar-ul-Uloom Dinia (Male) &
(Female)Public School(Co-Ed)Hamayat-e-Islam
Degree College (Female)Hamayat-e-Islam High
School (Boys)Hamayat-e-Islam Pasha Girls High
School Hamayat-e-Islam Law CollegeHamayat-
e-Islam Tibya CollegeHamayat-e-Islam Rajgarh
SchoolHamayat-e-Islam Younani Shafa
KhanaHamayat-e-Islam Library