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Surface
V
Fine Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate
V U
F n
B I
t
W
t.
Compaction
(number of
blows on 35 50 75
each end of
the sample)
Flow (0.25
8 20 8 18 8 16
mm )
Percent Air
3 5 3 5 3 5
Voids
Structural Design (Cont’d)
Flexible Pavement (Cont’d)
Bituminous Surfacing (Cont’d)
Marshall Mix Design (Cont’d)
The Marshall test results reflect trends which
are common to most laboratory tests for
optimum bitumen content as well as actual road
surfacing behaviour as follows:
• The unit weight of the mix increases with
increasing bitumen content until a maximum
value is reached, after which the unit weight
decreases.
Structural Design (Cont’d)
Flexible Pavement (Cont’d)
Bituminous Surfacing (Cont’d)
Marshall Mix Design (Cont’d)
• The stability of the mix increases with
increasing bitumen content until a maximum
value is reached, after which the stability
decreases.
Generally the optimum bitumen content for
stability is close to the optimum bitumen
content for unit weight.
Structural Design (Cont’d)
Flexible Pavement (Cont’d)
Bituminous Surfacing (Cont’d)
Marshall Mix Design (Cont’d)
• The flow value increases as the bitumen
content increases.
The rate of deformation is slow at low
bitumen contents but increases rapidly at high
bitumen contents.
This result is indicative of actual roadway
performance as surfacings with high flows
deform easily under traffic loads.
Structural Design (Cont’d)
Flexible Pavement (Cont’d)
Bituminous Surfacing (Cont’d)
Marshall Mix Design (Cont’d)
• The percentage of voids in the total mix
decreases with increasing bitumen content
until a value is reached at which it begins to
level off.
The VTM percentage is critical with respect to
durability as too high a value makes the
bitumen and bitumen-aggregate bond more
susceptible to attack by air and water.
Structural Design (Cont’d)
Flexible Pavement (Cont’d)
Bituminous Surfacing (Cont’d)
Marshall Mix Design (Cont’d)
Too low an air voids content makes the
surfacing more likely to bleed under traffic.
• The percentage of voids filled with bitumen
increases with increasing bitumen content
until a maximum is reached after which it
levels off.
Structural Design (Cont’d)
Flexible Pavement (Cont’d)
Bituminous Surfacing (Cont’d)
Marshall Mix Design (Cont’d)
The rate of increase is fastest at low bitumen
contents after which the rate decreases until it
levels off at a high bitumen content.
When the mix is deficient in bitumen, the
surfacing becomes brittle, resulting in
cracking and ravelling under traffic. Too high a
bitumen content results in bleeding.