Sigma Institute of Engineering

Electrical Engineering Department

Semester :7TH
Subject :Interconnected power system
Subject Code :2170901
 A
Presentation on
voltage control methods

Prepared by: Guided by:

1. Rajput Vijaysinh (150503109523)
2. Thakor vipul (150503109529) Mr. Viral B.Patel
3. Mistry yagnik (150503109513) (Assistant Professor)
4. Acharya kalpesh (150503109501) (SIE , Vadodara)
 Out Line of Presentation
 Importance of voltage control
 Methods of voltage control
 Turbine speed governing mechanism

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 Importance of voltage control
 In case of incidence lamp; it is very sensitive
to voltage change, if the fluctuations in the
voltage beyond certain level, life of the lamp
decreases.
 Most of the electronics equipments are very
sensitive about voltage variation.
 The picture on a television set starts rolling
if the voltage is low because the florescent
tube refuses to glow at low voltage.

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 Continued…
 Hence voltage variation must be regulated
and kept to a minimum level.

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 Methods of voltage control
 The methods of voltage control are:
I. Shunt compensation
II. Series capacitors
III. Tap-changing transformers
IV. Booster transformer
V. Thyristorised static VAR compensators

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 1.Shunt compensation
 In this method the voltage line is controlled
by shunt capacitor & shunt reactor.
a) Shunt reactor:
 Shunt reactors are used to compensate for
the effects of the line capacitance
particularly are provided at sending ends and
receiving ends of long EHV & UHV
transmission line.

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 Continued…

Fig(G)-Shunt reactor

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 Continued…
 The shunt reactors are used across capacitive
loaded lights lines to absorb some of the
leading VAR again to control the voltage
across the load, usually, oil immersed
magnetically shielded reactors with gapped
core used.

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 Continued…
b) Shunt Capacitors:
 Shunt capacitors supply reactive power and
boost the voltage.
 Shunt capacitors are installed near the load
terminals, in factory substation in the receiving
sub-station.
 The shunt capacitor provide leading VAR thereby
the total KVA loading of substation transformer
and the current is reduced.

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 Continued…
 Shunt capacitors are used to compensate for
the I^Xl losses in transmission system and to
ensure better voltage levels during heavy
loading conditions.

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 2.Series capacitors
 In order to meet the high demand for power
transmission capacity it is desired to
installed series capacitor on power
transmission lines.
 Series capacitors are connected in series with
the transmission line to compensate for the
inductive reactance of the line.
 Series capacitors increased system stability,
reduced system losses, provides better
voltage regulation.
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 Continued…

Fig(H)- SERIES CAPACITOR

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 Continued…
 During heavy loads, the voltage drop in series
inductive reactance of transmission line is
compensated by the series capacitor.
 They have been primarily used to improve
system stability.

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 3.Tap changing transformers
 Tap changing transformer is one of the
important methods of voltage control.
 The principle of this method is based on
changing the ratio of transformation by
decreasing or increasing.
 There are two types of tap-changing
transformer:
A. Off load tap changing transformer
B. On-load tap changing transformer

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 Continued…
A. Off load tap changing transformer:
 The off load tap changing transformer which
requires the disconnection of the X-mer
when the tap setting is to be changed off.

Fig(I)-Off load tap changing transformer

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 Continued…
 Off load tap changes are used when it is
expected that the ratio will need to be
changed only in frequently because of load
growth or some seasonal changes.
 Tap changing is affected manually through
hand holes provided in the core.

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 Continued…
B. On-load tap changing transformer:
 OLTC is employed for changing turns ratio of
transformer to regulate the system voltage
while the secondary side of transformer is
connected to the load.
 Generally all power transformer are provided
with on load tap changer.

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 Continued…

Fig(J)-OLTC

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 Continued…
 The essential requirements of an OLTC are
that during its operation the main circuit
should not be opened to prevent sparking
and no part of the tapped winding should get
short-circuited.

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 4.Booster transformer
 The booster transformer are used for banking
or boosting the voltage.
 It can be installed at a substation as an
additional equipment if voltage regulation is
further found to be necessary.
 For small outputs and voltages up to 2000 V,
the booster consists of an auto transformer
with necessary tappings are used.

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 Continued…

Fig(K)-Booster transformer

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 5.Thyristorised static VAR
compensators
A rapidly operating static VAR
compensator(SVC) continuously provide the
reactive power required to control dynamic
voltage oscillations under various system
conditions and thereby improving the power
system transmission and distribution stability.
 By installing an SVC at one or more suitable
points in the network, we can increase
transfer capability and reduce losses while
maintaining a smooth.

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 Continued…

Fig(L)-Static VAR Compensator

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 Continued…
 Types of various SVC:
 Thyristor-switched capacitor(TSC)
 Thyristor controlled reactor(TCR)
 Fixed capacitor Thyristor controlled
reactor(FC-TCR)
 Thyristor switched capacitor- Thyristor
controlled reactor(TSC-TCR)

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 Turbine speed governing mechanism
 The speed governor is the main primary tool
for the load frequency control(LFC).
 Fig(M) shows a schematic arrangement of a
speed governing system used on steam
turbines to control the output of the
generator to maintain constant frequency.
 The speed governing system consists of the
following parts.

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 Continued…
1) Speed governor
2) Linkage mechanism
3) Hydraulic amplifier
4) Speed changer

 Now we describe each parts in details.

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 Continued…

Fig(M)-Turbine speed governing system

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 Continued…
1) Fly-ball speed governor:
 It is purely mechanical, speed sensitive
device coupled directly and builds directly on
the prime movers to adjust the control valve
operating via linkage mechanism.
 It senses a speed deviation or a power
change command and converts it into
appropriate value action.
 Hence this is treated as the heart of the
system.

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 Continued…
 As the speed increase, the fly – ball move
outwards and the point B on linkage
mechanism move upwards.
 The reverse will happen if the speed
decrease.
2) Linkage mechanism:
 It provides a movement of the steam control
valve in proportion to change in speed.

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 Continued…
 It also provides a feedback of steam valve
movements.ABC and CDE rigid links provided
at B and D represented in fig(M).
3) Hydraulic amplifier:
 It is a single–state hydraulic servomotor
interposed between the governor and valve.
 It consist of a pilot valve and main piston.

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 Continued…
 With this arrangement, hydraulic
amplification is obtained by converting the
movement of low-power pilot valve into
movement of higher-powder level main
piston.
 In hydraulic amplification, a large
mechanical force is necessary so that the
steam valve could be opened or closed
against high-pressure inlet steam.

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 Continued…
4) Speed changer:
 The speed changer provides a steady state
power output setting for the turbine.
 The upward movement of the speed changer
opens the upper pilot valve so that more
steam is admitted to the turbine under
steady condition.
 The reverse happens when the speed changer
moves downward.

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 THANK
YOU
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