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Energy
Unit-6
Geo-thermal Energy
Geothermal Energy: Introduction
• What is geothermal energy?
• Geothermal energy- energy that comes from
the ground; power extracted from heat stored
in the earth
– Geo: earth
– Thermal: heat
Geothermal Energy Generation
Direct Electrical
• Small scale uses • Dry steam
• Heating homes • Flash steam
• Hot springs • Binary cycle
• Greenhouse heating
• Food dehydration
plants
• Agriculture
– Crop drying
– Milk pasteurization
How Geothermal Works
• Earth’s core heat
• Water → steam → drive electrical generators
• Turbines
• Area specific
– Geothermal energy is localized
Dry Steam/Flash Steam/Binary Cycles
http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/
reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2008/
STAGING/local_assets/2010_downloads/renewables_section_2010.pdf
Geothermal Energy and Geothermics
Fourier’s law
Numerical simulation of
Mantle convection
1 Origins of geothermal energy
Heat flow at the earth’s surface
• Compare with
Solar Constant
S= 1360 W/m2
Explanation by
Theory of
Plate Tectonics
1 Origins of geothermal energy
The earth’s thermal regime and relation with plate tectonics
1 Origins of geothermal energy
The earth’s thermal regime and relation with plate tectonics
World pattern of plates, oceanic ridges, oceanic trenches, subduction zones, and geothermal fields.
http://www.geothermal-energy.org/105,interactive_map.html
2. Classification of geothermal systems/reservoirs
Use of geothermal energy from surficial, hydrothermal and deep petrothermal reservoirs
2. Classification of geothermal systems
2.1 Deep geothermal energy reservoirs
http://www.geothermal-energy.org/105,interactive_map.html
http://www.geothermie.de/aktuelles/geothermie-in-zahlen/weltweit.html
2. Classification of geothermal systems
2.1 Deep geothermal energy reservoirs
2.1.1 High enthalpy reservoirs/ Examples
Laradello
geothermal
power plant
The Geysers
geothermal field,
California
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld036.htm
2. Classification of geothermal systems
2.1 Deep geothermal energy reservoirs
2.1.2 Low enthalpy reservoirs
2.1.2.1 Hydrothermal systems
Ptherm= ρ cp Qflow ΔT
ρ = density of water
cp = specific heat
Qflow = flow rate
ΔT = Thot-Tcold
http://www.unendlich-viel-
energie.de/uploads/media/
Hydrothermale_Geothermi
e.pdf
2. Classification of geothermal systems
2.1 Deep geothermal energy reservoirs
2.1.2 Low enthalpy reservoirs
2.1.2.1 Hydrothermal systems/Germany
2. Classification of geothermal systems Soulz sous la Foret
2.1 Deep geothermal energy reservoirs
2.1.2 Low enthalpy reservoirs
2.1.2.2 Petrothermal systems /HDR/EGS
http://www.soultz.net/version
-en.htm
http://www.uni-
kassel.de/fb14/geohydraulik/
Lehre/Geophysik_Geothermi
e/Vortraege_2008/Kobs_Hali
m_Hot_Dry_Rock.ppt
2. Classification of geothermal systems
2.1 Deep geothermal energy reservoirs
2.1.2 Low enthalpy reservoirs
2.1.2.3 Deep earth tubes/Super C Aachen
Heat Pump:
Coefficient of Performance
with
Qth = output heat rate
=Qin + Wel
http://www.geothermie.ch/index.php?p=examp_tunnels
http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb14/geohydraulik/Lehre/Geophysik_Geothermie/Vortraege_2010/Pfaffel.ppt
2. Classification of geothermal systems
2.4 Geothermal energy use from old mining shafts
http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb14/geohydraulik/Lehre/Geophysik_Geothermie/Vortraege_2010/Gemmeke.ppt
2. Classification of geothermal systems
2.4 Geothermal energy use from old mining shafts/Project Heerlen
http://www.uni-
kassel.de/fb14/geohydraulik/Lehre/Geophysik_Geothermie/Vortraege_2008/Kallert_Remining_Low_Ex.ppt
2. Classification of geothermal systems
2.5 Geothermal energy use for seasonal storage
3. Use of geothermal energy
Lindal-Diagram
http://geothermal.marin.org/
GEOpresentation/sld072.htm
3. Use of geothermal energy
3.2 Heating and cooling
http://geothermal.marin.org/
GEOpresentation/sld089.htm
3. Use of geothermal energy
3.3 Electric power generation
η = W/Qtherm= 1 - Tcold/Thot
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld036.htm
4. Economic and regulatory aspects for the use of
geothermal energy in Germany
http://www.uni-
kassel.de/fb14/geohydraulik/Lehre/Geophysik_Geothermie/Vortraege_2007/
Angebotspotential_Schmidmeier.ppt
5 Ecological aspects of geothermal energy
(http://www.geothermal.nau.edu/about/enviro
ment.shtml> Northern Arizona University.
2009 Oct 27)
Environmental Effects/ Disadvantages
• Fluids drawn from the deep (http://www.geothermal.nau.edu/about/enviroment.s
html> Northern Arizona University. 2009 Oct 27)
earth carry a mixture of
gases Operation Noise Level (dBa)
• Pollutants contribute to
Air drilling 85–120
global warming and acid rain
• Construction of Plants can Mud drilling 80
adversely affect land stability Discharging wells after drilling (to Up to 120
• Sources may hold trace remove drilling debris)
amounts of toxic Well testing 70–110
chemicals/mineral deposits
Diesel engines (to operate 45–55
• Loud Noises compressors and provide electricity)
• Initial start up cost
Heavy machinery (e.g., for earth Up to 90
(expensive) moving during construction)
What social/political problems are posed?
(http://www.geothermal.nau.edu/about/enviroment.shtmlNorther
n Arizona University. 2009 Oct 27)
What evidence supports geothermal?
http://www.ceramin.eu/IE/Veranstaltungen/Geothermie/Schellschmidt.pdf
http://www.geothermal-energy.org/314,what_is_geothermal_energy.html
http://www.economist.com/node/16909897?story_id=16909897&fsrc=rss
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy
http://www.geotis.de/vgs/templates/listing.php