A

PRESENTATION
ON
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
AND
KINETICS OF ASP

PRESENTED BY-
ANIL KUMAR
ANKAN KANUNGO
Activated Sludge Process
Activated Sludge Process is the
suspended-growth biological treatment
process, based on providing intimate contact
between the sewage and activated sludge.
The Activated Sludge is the sludge
obtained by settling sewage in presence of
abundant O2 so as to enrich with aerobic
micro-organisms.
Activated sludge in sewage in presence
of oxygen results into:

 Oxidation of organic matter present.

 Coagulation and flocculation of
suspended and colloidal matter

Under the activated sludge Process

basically three processes occurs:-
Oxidation
The organisms oxidize a portion of organic
Matter present in sewage into CO2,water
and energy.

Organic matter + O2+ Bacteria

CO2+ H2O+ NH3
+Energy + other end products
Synthesis
In second phase the other microbes get
converted into new bacterial cells using
a part of energy released in oxidation

Organic Matter+O2+Bacteria+Energy
New microbial cells
Endogenous Respiration

Finally the new microbial cells begin to

consume their own cell tissue to obtain
energy for cell maintenance.

New microbial cell tissue + 5O2

5CO2+NH3+2H2O+Energy
Description of Activated sludge processes:-
Conventional plug flow:- Settled water and
recycled activated sludge enter the head
end of the aeration tank and are mixed by
diffused air or mechanical aeration. During
the aeration period adsorption, flocculation
and oxidation of organic matter occurs.

Modified aeration:- It is similar to conven-

-tional plug flow except that shorter
aeration time and higher F/M ratio are
used.
Tapered aeration:- Varying aeration rates
are applied over the tank length depending
on the oxygen demand. Greater amounts of
air are supplied to the head end of the
aeration tank, and the amount diminish as
the mixed liquor approaches the effluent
end.
Compressed
air
Secondary Effluent
Reactor clarifier

Primary
effluent

SLUDGE
SLUDGE RETURN WASTE

Tapered aeration
Step feed aeration
Generally three or more parallel channels
are used. The settled waste water is
introduced at several point in the aeration
tank to equalize the F/M ratio, thus lowering
peak oxygen demand.
Compressed
air
Secondary Effluent
Reactor clarifier

SLUDGE
SLUDGE RETURN WASTE

Primary
effluent STEP FEED AREATION
Extended aeration :-
It operate in the endogenous respiration
phase of the growth curve, which requires
a low organic loading and long aeration
time.
Primary
effluent Secondary Effluent
clarifier
Reactor

SLUDGE
SLUDGE RETURN WASTE

Extended Aeration
Raw water

Grit Primary Secondary

screens Settling aeration chlorination
chamber Settling
tank tank

Reareation Activated
Sludge return
Activated Sludge
Pump
Effluent
to disposal

Sludge Sludge
Thickener Digestion To Sludge Drying

Flow Diagram of ASP

Growth And Food Utilization

1)Assimilation:-
The microorganisms must first become
assimilated to their surroundings and food
provided also called Lag Phase.

2)Log Growth Phase:-

In this phase the growth is rapid. Here
bacterial cells reproduce binary fission.
3)Stationary Phase:-
In this phase the production of new
cells is roughly offset by death and
endogenous respiration.

4)Endogenous Phase:-
In final phase, the cells are unable
to obtain food from external sources and
result into decrease in biomass
concentrations.
Cell Growth
The new cell produced undergoes an auto
oxidation which involves the breakdown of
organics in cell itself to produce energy for
the maintenance of remaining cell mass.
Thus, there is continuously a fractional
decrease in cell mass with time.

dX/dt = μ X
dX/dt = the growth rate of biomass, mg/L t
X = the concentration of biomass, mg/L
μ = the growth rate constant,1/t
Factors effecting the rate of biomass
production and food utilization:-

1) Temperature
2) pH
3) Toxicants
 Kinetics of activated Sludge process

Assumptions:

 Complete mixing in aeration tank.

 Influent substrate concentration is constant.
 No microbial solids in raw water.
 All reactions occur in reactor.
 No microbial activity in clarifier.
 No Sludge accumulation.
 Steady state conditions prevails.
 ACTIVATED SLUDGE KINETIC MODEL

A,T,
Q(1+R) (Q-Qw),

Va, X,Se X, Se Xe, Se

Q, So Secondary
Clarifier

RQ, Xr, Se Qw, Xr, Se

Microorganism and Substrate Mass Balance

Rate of accumulation = Biomass in + Biomass

of biomass in system growth - biomass out

(dX/dt)V = QXo + V [rg- kdX ] –QX

rg = μ mXS /(Ks+S)
(dX/dt)V = QXo + V[μ mXS/(Ks+S) - kdX ] - QX

rg = Growth rate of biomass

Kd= Endogenous decay coefficient.
Hydraulic retention time
(dX/dt)V = Zero
QX = VX [μmS/(Ks+S) - kd ]

Q/V = μ mS/(Ks+S) - kd =1/θ

θ = Hydraulic retention time

Mean Cell Retention Time

The time for which the cells remain in

the system. It is given as-

θc = Mass of solids Mass of solids

in system leaving system/day

θc = VX/(QwXw+ QeXe)
Substrate Balance Equation

(dS/dt)V = QSo – QS – V[μ mXS/ Y(Ks+S)]

Y=Decimal fraction of Food mass

converted to biomass

For Steady State

dS/dt = Zero
(So – S) = θ[μ mXS/Y(Ks+S)]
Effluent concentration

X = μm(So - S)/K(1+kdθ)
X = Y(So - S)/(1+kdθ)

Effluent substrate concentration

S = Ks(1+θkd)/θ(Yk - kd)-1