National Taiwan University

Department of Civil Engineering

Introduction to Seismic Design of Structures
(2-2)

Simplified Calculation of
Fundamental Vibration Period
Lap-Loi Chung (鍾立來)
National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering
Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University
Civil Engineering, National Cheng Kung University
 Simplified Calculation of Period
Exterior column: 外柱
Interior column: 內柱
Stiffness matrix: 勁度矩陣
Mass matrix: 質量矩陣
Static condensation: 靜態濃縮

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 Simplified Calculation of Period
One-story building
Assumption:
Beam midpoint is inflection point, no moment.
L / 2, I b L / 2, I b L / 2, I b Two degrees
of freedom

H , Ic H , Ic  
 
2 1

Exterior Interior
column column
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 Simplified Calculation of Period
One-story L / 2, I b
Stiffness matrix of exterior column
12 EI c 6 EI c  H , Ic
ke11 ke12   H 3 H 2 
Ke    
6 EI c 4 EI c 6 EI b 
2 2 ke21 ke22 
  
 H2 H L 
Under base excitation, rotation small,
rotational inertial force negligible. 
 
External rotational force induced by  
earthquake is small, negligible. 2 1
ke21
ke21  ke22  0      Static
ke22 condensation 4
 Simplified Calculation of Period
One-story Stiffness matrix of exterior column
12 EI c 6 EI c   
k e21

ke11 ke12   H 3 H2  k e22
Ke    
 ke21 ke22  6 EI c 4 EI c 6 EI b 
2 2   
 H2 H L  L / 2, I b

ke12 ke21
ke11  ke12  (ke11  )
ke22 H , Ic
6 EI c 2
( 2 )
ke12ke21 12 EI c H
ke  ke11    
ke22 H3 4 EI c 6 EI b

1 1  
H L  
Static condensation 2 1 5
 Simplified Calculation of Period
One-story Stiffness matrix of interior column
12 EI c 6EI c 
k i11 k i12   H 3  
Ki    H2  
 k 
k i22   6EI c 4 EI c 12 EI b   
2 2 i21  
 H 2
H L  2 1
Under base excitation, rotation small, L / 2, I b L / 2, I b
rotational inertial force negligible.
External rotational force induced by H , Ic
earthquake is small, negligible.
ki21
ki21  ki22  0      Static
ki22 condensation 6
 Simplified Calculation of Period
One-story Stiffness matrix of interior column
12 EI c 6EI c   
ki21

k i11 k i12   H 3 H2  ki22
Ki   
k i21

k i22   6EI c 4 EI c 12 EI b 
 
2 2  H2 H L  
 
ki12ki21  
ki11  ki12  (ki11  ) 2 2
ki22
L / 2, I b L / 2, I b
6EI c 2
( 2 )
k i12k i21 12 EI c H
k i  k i11   3

k i22 H 4 EI c 12 EI b
1 1  H , Ic
H L
Static condensation 7
 Simplified Calculation of Period
One-story

Stiffness L / 2, I b L / 2, I b L / 2, I b

k   kej   kij Springs

j j in series
H , Ic H , Ic

Mass m

Vibration 1 m
period T
2 k
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 Simplified Calculation of Period
Two-story building
L / 2, I b L / 2, I b L / 2, I b Four degrees
of freedom
H , Ic H , Ic
 RF 
 
L / 2, I b L / 2, I b L / 2, I b Δ   2F 
 θ    
  RF
4 1   
H , Ic H , Ic  2F 

Exterior Interior
column column
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 Simplified Calculation of Period
Two-story building Stiffness matrix of
K e11 K e12  Δ  exterior column
Ke    θ 
4 4 K e21 K e22    4 1 L / 2, I b

 12 EI c 12 EI c 
 ( H 3 ) 2F ( 3
) 2F 
H H , Ic
K e11  
12 EI c 12 EI c 12 EI c 
2 2  ( ) 2F ( ) 2F  ( )1F 
 H 3
H 3
H 3
 L / 2, I b

 6 EI c 6 EI c 
( H 2 ) 2F  ( 2 ) 2F 
H H , Ic
K e21  
6 EI c 6 EI c 6 EI c 
2 2 ( )  ( 2 ) 2F  ( 2 )1F 
 H 2 2F
H H 
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 Simplified Calculation of Period
L / 2, I b
Two-story building
Stiffness matrix of K e11 K e12 
Ke    H , Ic
exterior column
4 4  e21
K K e22 
Δ  L / 2, I b
 6 EI c 6 EI c  θ 
 ( H 2 ) 2F ( 2 ) 2F   
K e12   H  T
6 EI c 
K e21
6 EI c 6 EI c H , Ic
2 2  ( H 2 ) 2F  ( 2 ) 2F  ( 2 )1F 
H H 

 4 EI c 6 EI b 2 EI c 
( H ) 2F  ( L ) RF (
H
) 2F 
K e22  
2 EI c 4 EI c 4 EI c 6 EI b 
2 2  ( ) 2F ( 2 ) 2F  ( 2 )1F  ( ) 2F 
 H H H L 
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 Simplified Calculation of Period
Two-story building 4 1

Stiffness matrix of K e11 K e12  Δ 

Ke   θ 
exterior column
4 4 K e21 K e22   
L / 2, I b
Under base excitation,
rotational inertial force is negligible. H , Ic
External rotational force induced by
L / 2, I b
earthquake is small, negligible.

1
K e21Δ  K e22θ  0  θ  K K e21Δ
e22
H , Ic

Static condensation
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 Simplified Calculation of Period
Two-story building 4 1
Stiffness matrix of K e11 K e12  Δ 
Ke   θ 
exterior column
4 4 K e21 K e22   
L / 2, I b
1
θ  K e22 K e21Δ
H , Ic

1
K e11Δ  K e12θ  (K e11  K e12K e22 K e21 )Δ L / 2, I b

1
K e  K e11  K e12K e22 K e21 H , Ic
2 2
Static condensation
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 Simplified Calculation of Period
Two-story building 4 1
Stiffness matrix of K i11 K i12  Δ 
Ki   θ 
interior column
4 4 K i21 K i22   
L / 2, I b L / 2, I b
 12 EI c 12 EI c 
 ( H 3 ) 2F ( 3
) 2F 
K i11   H
12 EI c 
H , Ic
12 EI c 12 EI c
2 2  ( H 3 ) 2F ( ) 2F  ( )1F 
 H 3
H 3
 L / 2, I b L / 2, I b

 6 EI c 6 EI c 
( H 2 ) 2F  ( 2 ) 2F 
K i21   H H , Ic
6 EI c 6 EI c 6 EI c 
2 2 ( 2 ) 2F  ( 2 ) 2F  ( 2 )1F 
 H H H 
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 Simplified Calculation of Period
L / 2, I b L / 2, I b
Two-story building
Stiffness matrix of K i11 K i12  Δ 
Ki   θ  H , Ic
interior column K i21 K i22   
4 4
L / 2, I b L / 2, I b
 6 EI c 6 EI c 
 ( H 2 ) 2F ( 2 ) 2F
H 
K i12    T
6 EI c 
K i21 H , Ic
6 EI c 6 EI c
2 2  ( 2 ) 2F  ( 2 ) 2F  ( 2 )1F 
 H H H 

 4 EI c 12 EI b 2 EI c 
( H ) 2F  ( L ) RF (
H
) 2F 
K i22  
2 EI c 4 EI c 4 EI c 12 EI b 
2 2  ( ) 2F ( 2 ) 2F  ( 2 )1F  ( ) 2F 
 H H H L 
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 Simplified Calculation of Period
Two-story building
4 1
Stiffness matrix of K i11 K i12  Δ 
Ki    θ 
interior column  
4 4  i21
K K i22 
L / 2, I b L / 2, I b
Under base excitation,
rotational inertial force is negligible. H , Ic
External rotational force induced by
L / 2, I b L / 2, I b
earthquake is small, negligible.
1
K i21Δ  K i22θ  0  θ  K i22K i21Δ H , Ic
Static condensation
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 Simplified Calculation of Period
Two-story building 4 1
Stiffness matrix of K i11 K i12  Δ 
Ki    θ 
interior column  
4 4  i21
K K i22 
L / 2, I b L / 2, I b
1
θ  K i22K i21Δ
H , Ic
1
K i11Δ  K i12θ  (K i11  K i12K i22K i21)Δ L / 2, I b L / 2, I b

1
K i  K i11  K i12K K i21
i22 H , Ic
2 2
Static condensation 17
 Simplified Calculation of Period
Two-story building L / 2, I b L / 2, I b L / 2, I b

Stiffness Springs in series

matrix 2 K   K ej   K ij H , Ic H , Ic
2 j j
L / 2, I b L / 2, I b L / 2, I b
mRF 0 
Mass matrix M  
2 2  0 m2F 
H , Ic H , Ic
Characteristic
K  M  0
analysis

Fundamental frequency 1  1 Lowest frequency

2
Fundamental period T1  Longest period
1 18
 Simplified Calculation of Period
The longer the period, the smaller the seismic force.
Prevent period from being overestimated and
seismic force from being underestimated.
Upper bound assigned.
Design fundamental period T.

T  min( 1.4Tcod , Tdyn ) SDC

Sec. 2.6

Tcod : approximated fundamental period from

seismic design codes.
Tdyn: fundamental period from dynamic analysis
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 Simplified Calculation of Period
Ministry of Interior (2011), ‘Seismic Design Codes
of Buildings’. (in Chinese)
http://www.cpami.gov.tw/chinese/index.php?option
=com_content&view=article&id=10471&Itemid=5
7
Stiffness Matrix, Textbook on Structural Theory.
Mass Matrix, Textbook on Structural Dynamics.
Static Condensation, Textbook on Structural
Theory.
Characteristic analysis, Textbook on Engineering
Mathematics.
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 Simplified Calculation of Period
Videos on Fundamental Vibration Period
English https://youtu.be/heIqjIP3dJM
Chinese https://youtu.be/t6J2VvVTA_E
Videos on Simplified Calculation of Fundamental
Period
English https://youtu.be/PFAtC5GcN1Y
Chinese https://youtu.be/CmILRnIS65w

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 Simplified Calculation of Period
Fundamental vibration period, a key factor to
seismic force.
Simplified calculation of fundamental vibration
period introduced.
Extended to multiple-degree-of-freedom structures.

Thank You!

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