MODULE 3: FLUID STATICS

CHAPTER 2 MC CABE SMITH

CHE131 CPMonterola
 NATURE OF FLUIDS
• It does not permanently resist distortion.
• An attempt to change the shape of a mass of fluid results in
layers of fluid sliding over one another until a new shape is
attained.
• During the change in shape shear stress exist.
• When a final shape has been reached, all shear stress will
disappear.
 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS

• The fluid density changes only

slightly with moderate
change in pressure and
temperature.

• Liquids are generally

incompressible.
 COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS

• The fluid density change

significantly as temperature
or pressure change.

• Gases are generally

compressible.
 THE PRESSURE CONCEPT

Pressure is a surface
force exerted by a fluid
against the wall of its
container.
 THE PRESSURE CONCEPT

• Pressure is a surface force

exerted by a fluid against
the wall of its container.
• Pressure also exists at every
point within a volume of
fluid.
 IS PRESSURE INDEPENDENT OF
DIRECTION?
• The pressure at any
point is independent
of direction.
• Px = Py = Pz
 HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM

• In a stationary mass of a
single static fluid, the
pressure is constant in
any cross section
parallel to the earth’s
surface but varies from
height to height.
HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM
 HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM

The absolute pressure exerted by water 2 m below

the surface of a swimming pool is _____
a. 20 kPa
b. 120 kPa
c. 200 kPa
d. 400 kPa
 HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM IN A CENTRIFUGAL FIELD
• In a rotating centrifuge a layer of
liquid is thrown outward from the
axis of rotation and is held against
the wall of the bowl by centrifugal
force.
 HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM IN A
CENTRIFUGAL FIELD
• In industrial centrifuge
the rotational speed is so
high and the centrifugal
force so much greater
than the force of gravity
that the liquid surface is
virtually cylindrical and
coaxial with the axis of
rotation.
HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM IN A
CENTRIFUGAL FIELD
HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM IN A
CENTRIFUGAL FIELD
HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM
IN A CENTRIFUGAL FIELD
PROBLEM 2.6 MC CABE
MANOMETERS
 U-TUBE MANOMETER

Applying the principles

of hydrostatic law:
•Pt A to B:
g
PA - PB  - 1 h1
gc
•Pt C to D
g
PC - PD   2 h2
gc
since PB = PC ; Then
g g
PA - PD   1 h1   2 h2
gc gc
EXAMPLE 2.1
http://www.taalvolcano.org/information.htm

• Taal Lake, formerly known as Bombón Lake, is a

freshwater lake in the province of Batangas. The
lake fills Taal Caldera, a large volcanic caldera
formed by very large eruptions between 500,000
and 100,000 years ago. It is the country's third
largest lake after Laguna de Bay and Lake Lanao.
The lake has a maximum depth of 172 m (564 ft)
and on the average the atmospheric pressure is
101 kPa. What is the estimated absolute pressure
in kPa at this maximum depth?
EXAMPLE 2.2

• Newfound Lake, a freshwater lake near

Bristol, New Hampshire, has a
maximum depth of 60m, and the mean
atmospheric pressure is 91 kPa.
Estimate the absolute pressure in kPa
at this maximum depth.
 EXAMPLE 2.3
The gage pressure of the air in
the tank is measured to be 65
kPa. Determine the differential
height h of the mercury column.
 EXAMPLE 2.4

Consider a double-fluid
manometer attached to
an air pipe as shown. If
the SG of fluid 1 is
13.55, determine the
SG of the other fluid for
the indicated absolute
pressure of the air.
Take the atmospheric
pressure to be 100 kpa.
 EXAMPLE 2.5
• Pressure is often given in terms of a
liquid column and is expressed as
“pressure head”. Express the
standard atmospheric pressure in
terms of
(a)Mercury (SG = 13.6)
(b)Water (SG = 1.0)
(c)Glycerin (SG = 1.26) columns
SEAT WORK
 MANOMETER PROBLEM

A 15° inclined manometer containing mercury is

connected to two taps A and B containing water. Tap B is 4
ft vertically higher than Tap A. When the pressure in Tap B
is 6 psi, the manometer reads 5 inches along the inclined
tube. Calculate the new manometer reading (in inches) if
the pressure in Tap A is increased by 2.0 psi.
A. 6.0 B. 10.5 C. 15.3 D. 21.9 E. 20.7
BAROMETRIC EQUATION
BAROMETRIC EQUATION PROBLEM
BAROMETRIC EQUATION PROBLEM 2
CONTINUOUS GRAVITY DECANTER
CONTINUOUS GRAVITY DECANTER
CONTINUOUS GRAVITY DECANTER

- The position of liquid-liquid

interface depends on the ratio
of densities and elevations of
overflow lines.
- It is independent on the rate of
flow of fluids
CONTINUOUS GRAVITY DECANTER

- As the density A approaches density

B, Za1 is very sensitive to Za2.
- In Design, Often Za2 is made to be
adjustable.
CONTINUOUS GRAVITY DECANTER
EMPIRICAL EQUATION
CONTINUOUS GRAVITY DECANTER
CONTINUOUS GRAVITY DECANTER
CONTINUOUS GRAVITY DECANTER
 SEAT WORK FROM GEANKOPLIS
A vertical cylindrical settler-separator is to be designed for
separating a mixture flowing at 20.0 m3/h and containing equal
volumes of a light petroleum liquid (ρ = 875 kg/m3) and a dilute
solution of wash water (ρ = 1050 kg/m3). Laboratory
experiments indicate a settling time of 15 min is needed to
adequately separate the two phases. For design purposes use
a 25-min settling time and calculate the size of the vessel
needed, the liquid levels of the light and heavy liquid in the
vessel, and the height ZA2 of the heavy liquid overflow. Assume
that the ends of the vessel are approximately FLAT.
 SEAT WORK FROM GEANKOPLIS
A vertical cylindrical settler-separator is to be designed for
separating a mixture flowing at 20.0 m3/h and containing
equal volumes of a light petroleum liquid (ρ = 875 kg/m3) and
a dilute solution of wash water (ρ = 1050 kg/m3). Laboratory
experiments indicate a settling time of 15 min is needed to
adequately separate the two phases. For design purposes
use a 25-min settling time and calculate the size of the vessel
needed, the liquid levels of the light and heavy liquid in the
vessel, and the height ZA2 of the heavy liquid overflow.
Assume that the ends of the vessel are approximately flat,
that the vessel diameter equal its height and that one-third of
the volume is vapor space vented to the atmosphere.
 CENTRIFUGAL DECANTER
When the difference between the
densities of the two liquids is small,
the force of gravity may be too
weak to separate the liquids in a
reasonable time. The separation
maybe accomplished in a
Liquid-Liquid Centrifuge
 CENTRIFUGAL DECANTER
Centrifugal Decanter are
usually consists of a cylindrical
metal bowl, usually mounted
vertically, that rotates about its
axis at high speed.
CENTRIFUGAL DECANTER
 HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WA
TCH?V=5CVQAZPLZKU
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1-9OEq6cUo