Euler and Modified

Euler Method
Numerical solution for 1st ODE
Leonhard Euler (15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a
Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician and engin
eer, who made important and influential discoveries in many
branches of mathematics, such as infinitesimal
calculus and graph theory, while also making pioneering
contributions to several branches such as topology and analytic
number theory. He also introduced much of the modern
mathematical terminology and notation, particularly
for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical
function. He is also known for his work in mechanics, fluid
dynamics, optics, astronomy, and music theory.
 Taylor-series method :
- difficult to solving for the derivative with complex function
- difficult to calculate error
What is Euler + the error will be minimum if the value of h getting smaller, a little
method used Taylor series is needed to get minimum error

for?
Algorithm:
𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑦𝑛 + ℎ𝑦′𝑛
 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑦 0 =1 ℎ = 0,02
𝑑𝑥
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0,1
𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑦𝑛 + ℎ𝑦′𝑛
𝒙𝒏 𝒚𝒏 𝒚′𝒏 𝒉 𝒚′𝒏
0 1 1 0,02
EXAMPLE 0,02 1,0200 1,0400 0,0208
0,04 1,0408 1,0808 0,0216
0,06 1,0624 1,1224 0,0224
0,08 1,0849 1,1649 0,0233
0,1 1,1082
 Euler Method:
- inaccurate and need for small step.

EULER To solve this problem must calculate 𝑦 ′ 𝑛 to decide changing value

of y at interval 𝑥0 < 𝑥 < 𝑥𝑛+1
METHOD Algorithm:
MODIFIED 𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑦𝑛 + ℎ
𝑦′𝑛 + 𝑦′𝑛+1
2
But, must estimate the value of 𝑦𝑛+1 use Euler Method to calculate
𝑦′𝑛+1 . And then we correct the value of 𝑦𝑛+1 again.
 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑦 0 =1 ℎ = 0,02
𝑑𝑥
𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑦𝑛 + ℎ𝑦′𝑛 𝑦′𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛+1 + 𝑦𝑛+1
𝑦′𝑛+1 + 𝑦′𝑛
𝑦𝑎𝑣 =
𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑦𝑛 + ℎ𝑦′𝑎𝑣 2
𝒙𝒏 𝒚𝒏 𝒚′𝒏 𝒉 𝒚′𝒏 𝒚𝒏+𝟏 𝒚′𝒏+𝟏 𝒚′𝒂𝒗 𝐡 𝒚′𝒂𝒗
0 1 1 0,02 1,02 1,04 1,02 0,0204
1,0204 1,0404 1,0202 0,020404
EXAMPLE 0,02 1,0204 1,0404 0,0208 1,0412 1,0812 1,0608 0,0212
1,0416 1,0816 1,0610 0,0212
0,04 1,0416 1,0816 0,0216 1,0632 1,1232 1,1024 0,0220
1,0637 1,1237 1,1026 0,0221
0,06 1,0637 1,1237 0,0225 1,0861 1,1661 1,1449 0,0229
1,0866 1,1666 1,1451 0,0229
0,08 1,0866 1,1666 0,0233 1,1099 1,2099 1,1882 0,0238
1,1103 1,2103 1,1884 0,0238
0,1 1,1103 1,2103 0,0242
MATLAB