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Current Transformer
Dimensioning
andrzej.bachry@siemens.com
Current Voltage
Inductive
Rogowski-Coil Inductive
Ohmic Ohmic
Inductive/Optical Capacitive
Optical
Ex I Ex
Fibre coil
with N windings
Sensor Head
Sensor Head
Pockels crystal
E
Electric Field E<0 E=0 E>0
~ Voltage
Ey
Fibre Output
Elliptical Polarization
Ex
Fibre Input
Circular Polarization
Important Standards
IEC 60044-1 1996/12 Current Transformers
IEC 60044-1 2000/07 Current Transformers (amendment 1)
IEC 60044-6 1992/03 Current Transformers (transient performance TP)
IEC 60044-2 1997/02 Voltage Transformers
BS EN 60044-1 Current Transformers
CT
ip
is
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 t/ms
U/V 5 P10 60 VA
L RCT LZ RZ Ritz
iP iM 900
Lb Pfiffner
Lh
Rb
is 90
0,001 0,010 0,100 1,000
IM/A
Isecnn Iprim
Definition of current error: Fi 100
Iprim
T
1
T nnisec ( t ) iprim( t ) 2 dt
Definition of composite error:
0
Fi 100
Iprim.rms
10 P 10, 15 VA
Nominal burden
% minutes centirad %
5P ±1 ± 60 ± 1.8 5
10P ±3 - - 10
Example: 5 P 10 , 50 VA
nominal burden
accuracy limiting factor (ALF)
accuracy limit in % at I=ALF × In
Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.
burden > 15 VA
However:
5 Short-circuit current consists of AC
and decaying DC components
0 5 10 15 Iprimary/In
10P10, 15 VA
Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.
X Better
?
? future: 10P30, 2.5 VA ?
? ?
U = 10% Uknee
400 R‘
(external burden)
200
I = 50%
Knee-point voltage is the voltage at
which a 10% increase in rms voltage
results in a 50% increase in rms
0 50 100 150 Isecondary/mA magnetizing current
Class X: Defined by
Rated primary current
Turns ratio (the error shall not exceed ± 0.25%)
Rated knee-point voltage
Magnetizing current at rated knee-point voltage
Resistance of secondary winding corrected to 75°C
Class X quantities can also be measured and given for class 5P and 10 P
U = 10% Uknee
400 R‘
(external burden)
200
I = 100%
Knee-point voltage is the voltage at
which a 10% increase in rms voltage
results in a 100% increase in peak-
0 50 100 200 Isecondary/mA value of magnetizing current
Class TPS will be applied if accuracy limits of class 5P or 10P are not
appropriate
Class TPS quantities can also be measured and given for class 5P and 10P
Uknee,n
Rn RCT I2n ALFn RCT
1.3 I1N (internal burden) I2N
Pn PCT ALFn
1.3 I2n Rn
Uknee (nominal
external
Example 1: burden)
Uterm 200 V
R' 10
20 In 20 1A
C100 10P20, 5 VA
C200 10P20, 10 VA
C400 10P20, 20 VA Class P Nominal Burden
C800 10P20, 40 VA
Pn In2 R' (1A )2 10 10 VA
Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.
Class C: indicates that the transformer ration can be calculated (bushing type CTs)
Class T: indicates that the transformer ration must be determined by test
Class C: Ration error will not exceed 10% between 1 to 20 times nominal
secondary current.
R2 RRelay RRelay
Ri R1 Ri R1
R2 RRelay RRelay
Ri R1 Ri R1
RRelay RRelay
R2
R2
0 0,0
0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300
length/m length/m
better
2
……Ω 1
……Ω I’’k = ……
10 x In = ……
10 kA
RRelay
RI
0,1
……Ω
Accuracy Limiting Factor
P PCT
n = 1000
…… / 1A 2,1 VA
P’ = …… ALF' ALFn n
P'PCT
10 ...... ...... ......
10 2
...... 29,2
...... ......
2,1 2
Current Transformer CT
CT-Transmission Capability
…… / 1A,
1000 ……
5 P ……,
10 ……
10 VA with actual burden
I’’k = ALF’ x In = ……
29,2 kA
RCT RI Relay
Necessary Accuracy Limiting Factor
2
……Ω
1
……Ω I' 'k 20
RRelay ALF' ......
RI In
0,1
……Ω
Current Transformer CT
? ? Necessary Nominal Accurancy
1000
…… / 1A, 5
…… 15
P ……, 5
…… VA Limiting Factor
P'PCT
ALFn ALF'
Pn PCT
Short-Circuit Current
20 ......2,1 ......
2 11,7
20 x I
20 kA = …… ...... ......
I’’k = …… n 5 ......
...... 2
The DC-component
of an asymmetrical
short circuit is
causing an additional
magnetic
flux.
for free
Bsat
Magnetic Flux
secondary current
primary current
Ktd
t free
K td 1 TN (1 e TN
)
(iron-cored CT with TS >> TN)
For high CT time constants, the maximum transmittable current must not exceed
Ktd Ktd
For high CT time constants, the maximum transmittable current must not exceed
Ktd Ktd
The CT may be saturated, but any short circuit faults in zone 1 must
be cleared undelayed, short circuit faults outside one 1 must be cleared
delayed.
CT may be saturated, but the remaining CT should keep to transmit short circuit
magnitude of fundamental current and currents without saturation in a longer
its phase angle must lead to time than relay operating time.
impedance within zone 1.
Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.
General:
RCT RI Relay
Tsys = 0 ms, tfree = ∞, steady state
2 1 Ik = ALF’ * In = ……30 kA
……Ω ……Ω RRelay
RI
0,1
……Ω
n = 1000
…… / 1A 2,1 VA
P’ = ……
Tsys = 50 ms, tfree = ∞, transient
ALF' 30
......
Ik In ......kA
1 1,87
.......kA
K td 16
......
Current Transformer CT
…… / 1A, ……
1000 5 P ……,
10 ……
10 VA
n = 1000
…… / 1A 2,1 VA
P’ = ……
Necessary Nominal Burden
2,1 VA P ......
Pn P' ...... 5 VA
n
Current Transformer CT
? ?
1000 / 1A, ……
…… 5 P ……,
50 ……
5 VA
Necessary Nominal Accuracy
Limiting Factor
Short-Circuit Current
P'PCT
ALFn ALF'
I’’k = ……
20 kA = ……
20 x In Pn PCT
Tsys = ……50 ms 2,1 2
80 ............ ......
...... 46,85
5 ......
...... 2
Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.
Maximum of induction
- same as TPX
TPY - remanence limited to <10% (anti - remanence air gap)
- remanence neglectable
TPZ - error limit are only formulated for AC component
- DC - component will be shortened considerably
anti - remanence B
air gap TPY
BR
K td 1 (e e ) e
S S
1 (e e S )
Bˆ TN TS TN TS
Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.
Ip
Linear core CT
Is
TPZ
B
• Advantages by AR
• Cost intensive partitioned core Im
Technical Optimization
Standard Conversion
Dynamic Simulation
Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.
Equivalent Circuit:
Magnetic induction curve:
Maximum value:
LM U2 RB
Bmax
1 TN TS >> TN
B
U (t) dt (R R ) i (t) dt
TS Time constant of CT secondary
B 2 i B 2 circuit
δ angle error
LM I
TS
Ri RB tan
Short-circuit current: Tt
iSC ( t ) 2 ISC ( cos t e )
Transient dimensioning factor (high CT time constant): Y' 1 Tsy s
I ALF'
Maximum transmittable current without saturation: ISC n
Y'
80
f = 60 Hz
Y’∞
f = 50 Hz
60
0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Tsys