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COMPUTER BASICS

What is a computer?
 A machine that follows a program of
mathematical and logical directions to
convert input to output.
 A computer is a device that:
 Accepts input
 Processes data
 Stores data
 Produces output
 The most important device in todays
generation
Block diagram of a Computer

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

STORAGE
Computer Functions
•Words, symbols, numbers, sound, pictures,
Input
program instructions

•Program calculates, sorts modifies data


Process
•Uses microprocessor or CPU

•Results of processing
Output •Reports, graphs, documents, pictures
•Printer or monitor

•Memory is temporary holding area (RAM)


Store
•Storage is permanent (disk)
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Primary Components of Computer:
 Hardware
 A computer’s hardware is a computer item you can
physically see or touch.
 Tangible part of the computer, composed of electronic
and mechanical parts
 Software
 The software is a computer program that tells computer
hardware how to operate.
 Intangible part of computer, consist of data and the
computer programs
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Anatomy of a Computer:
1. MONITOR
 A monitor displays information in visual form, using
text and graphics. The portion of the monitor that
displays the information is called the screen. Like a
television screen, a computer screen can show still or
moving pictures.

 There are two basic types of monitors:


 CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors
 LCD (liquid crystal display) / LED (light emitting diode )monitors.
TWO TYPES OF MONITORS:

LCD CRT

Both types produce sharp images, but LCD monitors have the
advantage of being much thinner and lighter. CRT monitors, however, are
generally more affordable.
2. System Unit
 The system unit is the core of a computer system.
Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or
underneath your desk. Inside this box are many
electronic components that process information.
 Almost every other part of your computer connects to
the system unit using cables. The cables plug into
specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the
system unit.
 Hardware that is not part of the system unit is
sometimes called a peripheral device or device.
Inside the System Unit

Optical Disk Drive (ODD)


Motherboard Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Memory Hard Disk Power Supply Unit(PSU)


Motherboard
 The motherboard is the main circuit board of your
computer and is also known as the mainboard or
logic board. If you ever open your computer, the
biggest piece of silicon you see is the
motherboard. Attached to the motherboard,
you'll find the CPU, ROM, memory RAM expansion
slots, PCI slots, and USB ports.
Motherboard
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 The processor is the
“brain” of the computer
 It does the fundamental
computing within the
system
 Examples: Intel, AMD
and SPARC.
Power Supply Unit (PSU)
 A power supply unit (or PSU) converts mains AC to low-
voltage regulated DC power for the internal components
of a computer. Modern personal computers universally
use switched-mode power supplies. Some power
supplies have a manual switch for selecting input voltage,
while others automatically adapt to the mains voltage.
Power Supply Unit (PSU)
Optical Disk Drive (ODD)
 Optical Disk Drive Defined. An optical disk
drive(ODD) uses a laser light to read data from or
write data to an optical disc. These include CDs,
DVDs, and Blu-ray discs. This allows you to play music
or watch movies using pre-recorded discs.
Optical Disk Drive (ODD)
Memory
 where data and instructions needed by the CPU to do
its appointed tasks can be found
 2 Types of Memory:
 Main Memory
RAM (Random Access Memory)
 Secondary Memory
ROM (Read Only Memory)
Main Memory
 used to hold programs and data, that the processor is
actively working with.
 not used for long-term storage
 sometimes called the RAM (Random Access
Memory).
 considered as volatile storage – means once the
computer is turned off, all information residing in the
main memory is erased
EDO RAM (Extended Data Out
RAM)
 A earlier dynamic RAM
chip that improved the
performance of fast page
mode (FPM) memory in
the mid-1990s. As a subset
of fast page mode, it could
be substituted for page
mode chips. However, if
the memory controller was
not designed for the faster
EDO chips, the
performance remained the
same as fast page mode.
SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic
Random Access Memory)
 memory chip that has
been widely used since
the late 1990s. SDRAM
chips eliminated wait
states by dividing the
chip into two cell blocks
and interleaving data
between them. While a
bit in one block is
accessed, a bit in the
other is prepared for
access.
DDR (Double Data Rate)
 Refers to an SDRAM
memory chip that
increases performance
by doubling the effective
data rate of the frontside
bus.
DDR2 (Double Data Rate 2)
 is an improved version of
DDR memory that is faster
and more efficient. Like
standard DDR memory,
DDR2 memory can send
data on both the rising and
falling edges of the
processor's clock cycles.
This nearly doubles the
amount of work the RAM
can do in a given amount
of time.
DDR3 (Double Data Rate 3)
 DDR3 RAM, first released in
2007, is a type of memory
often used in computers and
other electronic devices.
DDR3 offers many advantages
over its predecessor, DDR2,
though the two are not
compatible. DDR3 offers
high-speed RAM that will
help keep your computer
running quickly and
smoothly and can be
upgraded when the time
comes.
DDR4 (Double Data Rate 4)
 double data rate
fourth-generation
synchronous dynamic
random-access
memory, is a type
of synchronous dynamic
random-access memory
(SDRAM) with a high
bandwidth (“double data
rate") interface.
Secondary Memory
 used to hold programs
and data for long term
use.
 Examples of secondary
memory are hard disks,
cd-rom, floppy drive &
flash drive
 considered as non-
volatile storage
2 TYPES OF ATA DISK DRIVES
Parallel (Ultra) ATA disks Serial ATA disks
 Parallel ATA disks are disks that you  Serial ATA (SATA) disks are
install internally. Because imported newer than parallel ATA disk
DV material has a fixed data rate of drives. The disk drive
approximately 3.6 MB/sec., high-
performance parallel ATA disks mechanisms may be similar, but
typically can capture and output these the interface is significantly
streams without difficulty. The different. The serial ATA
numbers following the ATA interface has the following
designation indicate the maximum characteristics:
data transfer rate possible for the ATA
interface, not the disk drive itself. For  Serial data transfer (one bit at a
example, an ATA-100 interface can time)
theoretically handle 100 MB/sec., but  150 MB/sec. theoretical data
most disk drives do not spin fast
enough to reach this limit. throughput limit
 7-pin data connection, with
cable limit of 1 meter
2 TYPES OF ATA DISK DRIVES
Parallel (Ultra) ATA disks Serial ATA disks
SSD (Solid State Hard drive)
Common Storage Types:

 Internal hard drive

 External hard drive

 CD, DVD

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Common Storage Type

 USB Flash

 Flash card

 Online

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Computer Ports:
 USB

 Serial

 Parallel

 Network port
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Computer Ports:
 VGA

 HDMI

 Headphone/Mic/Speaker

 Memory card port


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3. Keyboard
A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your
computer. Like the keyboard on a typewriter, it has keys for
letters and numbers, but it also has special keys:
 The function keys, found on the top row, perform
different functions depending on where they are used.
 The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most
keyboards, allows you to enter numbers quickly.
 The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to
move your position within a document or webpage.
Some Keyboard Types
 According to Functions
 Basic PC Keyboard
 Multimedia Keyboard
 Illuminated Keyboards
 Ergonomic Keyboards
 Foldable Keyboards
 According to Connections
 PS/2 Keyboards
 USB Keyboards
 Wireless Keyboards
4. Mouse
 A mouse is a small device used
to point to and select items on
your computer screen. Although
mice come in many shapes, the
typical mouse does look a bit like
an actual mouse. It's small,
oblong, and connected to the
system unit by a long wire that
resembles a tail. Some newer
mice are wireless.
 A mouse usually has two buttons:
a primary button (usually the left
button) and a secondary button.
Many mice also have a wheel
between the two buttons, which
allows you to scroll smoothly
through screens of information.
Types of Mice
 Mechanical Mice

 Optical / laser Mice

 Touch Pad
5. Speaker
 Speakers are used to
play sound. They may
be built into the system
unit or connected with
cables. Speakers allow
you to listen to music
and hear sound
effects from your
computer.
6. Printer
 A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. You don't need a
printer to use your computer, but having one allows you to print e-mail,
cards, invitations, announcements, and other materials. Many people
also like being able to print their own photos at home.

 The two main types of printers are inkjet printers and laser printers. Inkjet
printers are the most popular printers for the home. They can print in
black and white or in full color and can produce high-quality
photographs when used with special paper. Laser printers are faster and
generally better able to handle heavy use.
Categories of Computer Parts
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT STORAGE

• Mouse • Central • Monitor • RAM (Random


• Keyboard Processing • Projector Access
• Digital Unit • Printer Memory)
Camera • ROM (Read
• Scanner Only Memory)
TYPES OF PERSONAL COMPUTER
What hardware affects computer
performance (speed)?
 Computer speed vocabulary:
 Hz, MHz, GHz: measurements of processing speed
 The more calculations per second a processor does,
the faster it is.
 Hz (Hertz): 1Hz means one calculation per second.
 MHz (Megahertz):1 million Hz, or 1 million processes per
second.
 GHz (Gigahertz):1000 Mhz, or 1 billion processes per second.

Hz MHz GHz 44
What hardware affects computer
performance (speed)?
 CPU speed
 Measured in MHz or GHz
 Common computers in 2011 had CPUs in the 1-
4GHz range.
 RAM size
 Measured in KB, MB or GB
 Common RAM amounts in 2011 were between 1-
4GB.
 Inexpensive computers are often shipped with too
little ram to run well.

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What hardware affects computer
performance (speed)?
Video/Graphics performance:
 Integrated (onboard)
 Built-in on the main circuit board
 Inexpensive
 Sufficient for most work
 Usually borrows processing power and RAM from the
main system
 Add-on
 Plugged into the main circuit board
 More powerful, for gaming or video editing
 Separate RAM and special processor (GPU)
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Integrated Video Graphics
PCI Graphics
Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
PCI Express Graphics Card
What hardware affects computer
performance (storage)?
 Computer size vocabulary:
 Mbyte, Gbyte
 Bit = short for binary digit,
 Byte = 8 bits = 1 letter or number.
 A KB (Kilobyte) stores 1024 bytes.
 A MB (Megabyte) stores 1024 KB.
 A GB (Gigabyte) stores 1024 MB. Common
thumbdrives are 2GB or 4GB. Common
harddrives in 2011 stored hundreds of GB.
 A TB (Terabyte) stores 1024 GB.
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What hardware affects computer
performance (speed)?
 Hard Drive speed
 Hard drive is like a little metal CD that uses
magnets to store information.
 Faster rotation = faster information
 Common rotation speeds are:
 5400, 7200, and 10,000 RPM (rotations per
minute).
 That little flashing light on your computer
 Moving parts = breakable parts

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What is computer software?
 Computer software is what you can not touch on the
computer
 Commonly called as programs, which tells the
hardware what to do.

 2 Types of Software:
 Operating Systems
 Applications

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Operating System
Operating System
 An OS is a special type of software that organizes other
software on the system.
 An operating system, or OS, is a software program that
enables the computer hardware to communicate and
operate with the computer software. Without a
computer operating system, a computer would be
useless.
Microsoft Windows Operating Systems
Apple Mac OS X Operating Systems
Apple IOS Operating Systems
Andriod Operating Systems
Linux Operating Systems
Tizen Operating System
Applications
 Are programs used to do specific task.
 Examples:
 Microsoft Word, Excel, Powerpoint, etc
 Computer Virus / Anti-virus
 AutoCAD
 Open Office
 Internet browsers: Internet explorer, Mozilla Firefox, etc
 Computer Games
 TIPP10

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