Energy systems and architecture

ARC 5342
Dr.Arch. Nagham Ali Hasan

Biomass
1st 0semester 2017-2018
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 What is biomass??
• Biomass means "natural
material." When biomass
energy is burned, it
releases heat
• Biological renewable
energy source from
living or dead
organisms (ex wood,
waste, gas, and alcohol
fuels). Sunligh
6CO2 + 6H2O (CH2O)6 + 6O2 + 636 k Cal.
t
Chlorophyll
(biomass)
t
2
• Energy is stored in the form of complex organic compounds of
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, etc.
• The biomass can be converted to useful energy forms such as:
– Heat, Gaseous fuel, Solid fuels, Organic chemical, Liquid fuels

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 Bioenergy Cycle

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http://www.repp.org/bioenergy/bioenergy-cycle-med2.jpg
 Corn ‫ذرة‬

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http://www.geo.msu.edu/geo333/corn.html
 Soybeans ‫فول الصويا‬

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http://agproducts.unl.edu/
 Sorghum ‫الذرة الرفيعة‬

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http://www.okfarmbureau.org/press_pass/galleries/grainSorghum/
 Sugar Cane Bagasse
‫تفل قصب السكر‬

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http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
 Switchgrass ‫التبن‬

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http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
 Olive Residue ‫الجفت‬

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http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
 Corn Stover ‫حطب الذرة‬

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http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
 Wood Chips & Sawdust

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http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html http://www.energytrust.org/RR/bio/
 Municipal Solid Waste

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http://www.eeingeorgia.org/eic/images/landfill.jpg
Shows how biomass takes up a lot of land

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 How it Works
1.The waste wood, tree branches and other scraps
are gathered together in big trucks.

2.The trucks bring the waste from factories and

from farms to a biomass power plant.

3. Here the biomass is dumped into huge hoppers.

4.This is then fed into a furnace where it is burned.

5.The heat is used to boil water in the boiler, and

the
6.energy in the steam is used to turn turbines and
generators.
It is very much like geothermal energy, but it
recycles the plants waste, rather then
tapping into the earth.
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Creating Energy from Biomass:
we used to produce energy from biomass are three
main categories: Tracy
Biomass
Plant
Energy conversion technologies-

o Combustion

o Gasification

o Pyrolysis
Truck unloading wood chips that will fuel
the Tracy Biomass Plant, Tracy, California.
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http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/biomass/biomass.html
Primary energy conversion technologies
 Combustion – ‫ االحتراق‬direct combustion of biomass is the
most common way of converting biomass to energy - both
heat and electricity. Compared to the gasification and pyrolysis
it is the simplest and most developed.

 Gasification - gasification is a high-temperature (1200-1400

Degree Celsius) thermo chemical conversion process but the
process is used for production of gas, instead of heat.

 Pyrolysis - thermal decomposition occurring in the absence

of oxygen. We use pyrolysis to produce a liquid fuel, bio-oil or
pyrolysis oil.

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18
 Bioenergy Conversion
Thermal conversion
Chemical conversion
Biochemical conversion

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
 Biomass Direct Combustion

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
 Biomass Gasifier
• 200 tons of wood chips
daily
• Forest thinnings ‫;رقيق‬
wood pallets
• Converted to gas at
~1000 ºC
• Combined cycle gas
turbine
• 8MW power output McNeil Generating Station
biomass gasifier – 8MW

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http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
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 Heat Energy Content

1 GJ (gigajoule) = 277.78 kWh (kilowatt hour)

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
Biomass energy Conversion Routes
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 Landfill Gasses

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
There are two types of Biogas Plants
1. Fixed head
2. Floating head

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floating gas-holder type bio-gas plant

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 Floating Dome Type Biogas Plant
(a) Position of dome with less gas in the dome.
(b) Position of dome with more gas in the dome.
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 BioFuels
• Ethanol
– Created by fermentation of starches ‫ النشويات‬/sugars
– US capacity of 1.8 billion gals/yr (2005)
– Active research on cellulosic fermentation
• Biodiesel
– Organic oils combined with alcohols
– Creates ethyl or methyl esters
• SynGas Biofuels
– Syngas (H2 & CO) converted to methanol, or
liquid fuel similar to diesel

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http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_fuels.html
 Biofuel
Bio-fuel is produced directly from
plant matter typically corn, sugar
cane, sugar beets, or cellulose
transforming it into alcohol.
Fossil fuel
Fossil fuels are produced by either
the decomposition of plant or
animal matter over long periods of
time under certain conditions such
as high temperature and pressure.
Fossil fuels are coal, oil, and
natural gas.
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 Bioenergy Calculation
Composition Percent % kJ/kg Total
Paper 7.73 16,750 1,295
Plastic 18.29 32,500 5,944
Food waste 26.56 4,650 1,235
Wood and yard 8.52 18,600 1,585
*Others 14.92 15,000 2,238
Ferrous 2.47 0 0
Aluminium 0.06 0 0
Glass 1.93 0 0
Sand/fine materials 14.41 0 0
Other inorganics 5.11 0 0
Total 100.00 12,297kJ/kg
kJ --> kWh 0.000278
Throughput: 1800 tons/day
Thermal Power : 256 MW/hour
Electricity Efficiency : 7.5 % 5-10% for a "normal" design
Nomimal power gen : 19.2 MWe/hour [460 MWh/day] 32
 BIO-MASS STORAGE METHODS

Silage piling Euro bagging

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 Biomass from Water bodies
Algae biomass is an important renewable source of energy
produced by photosynthesis.

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Algae ponds at Ashkelon, Israel
 Environmental
Advantages
• Biomass can make
electricity and heat
– Can replace fossil fuels
• More efficient than
traditional rendering
• Doesn’t contribute to global
warming
• Less demand on fossil fuel
• Cheaper than fossil fuel
• More environmentally friendly
Disadvantages
• Unstable
– Raising of waste material
– Contributes to global warming
gases in the environment
• Huge amount of animal
killing
– MORE MEAT to replace fuel
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 Political
Advantages Disadvantages
• Reduction of dependency on • Takes up too much energy
imported oil and resources of country
– Countries don’t have to rely
on foreign bio fuels • Biomass collection is
• More jobs difficult and expensive
– 20X more jobs than coal and – Politicians may argue whether
oil it is worth the cost
• Rural development and
income opportunities
• Can create good
relationships if exported

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Graph showing how cheap biomass is

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• As the graph illustrates biomass is expected to remain the second-largest
source of renewable electricity generation (behind hydropower) through
2030. Of all the renewable energy sources, biomass is the fastest growing,
going from 11% of the total in 2007, to more than 41% in 2030.

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 Comparison of Fixed and Floating head
Biogas plant
Janta / Fixed dome type
1 Gas is released at variable pressure
2 Identifying defects is difficult
3 Cost of maintenance is low
4 Capital cost is low (for some
capacity)
5 Space above the drum can be used
6 Temperature is high during winter
7 Life span is comparatively longer
8 Requires move excavation work
Floating Dome type Biogas Plant
Gas is released at constant pressure
Identifying the defects in gas holder
easy
Cost of maintenance is high
Capital cost is high
Floating drum does not allow the use
of space for other purpose
Temperature is low during winter
Life is short
Requires relatively less excavation
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 PRINCIPAL BIOMASS ENERGY RESOURCES AND
CONVERSION PROCESS
Category Name of the Biomass Conversion Process
Source
Cultivated Trees, (Wood chips, Burning to produce heat
Energy saw dusts) and electricity
Resource Aquatic crops, algae, Producing biogas and
green plants biochemical
Agricultural crops Production of gas and
manure -Wood gasification
Fruit farms Production of wood oil and
charcoal. Wood to oil
process

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Category Name of the Biomass Source Conversion
Process
Waste – Rice and wheat husk Production of
Biomass Baggase of sugar cane ethyle alcohol by
resources from fermentation
Coconut husk, groundnut shell,
farms and bio- molasses, beet
straw of rice, wheat etc.
industry root, fuits,
Waste of furniture industry, potatoes, cereals
wood industry
Waste of poultry industry,
fishery industry, food industry,
brewery, tannery, butchery etc.
Carbohydrates, glucose,
fructose etc.
The world’s biomass through municipal solid waste in about 60,00,000
tones per day. About 3% of it can be converted into electricity and heat
contributing about 20,000 MW 41