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Superposition Principle
Thevenin’s Theorem
Norton’s Theorem
Source Transformation
Maximum Power Transfer
1
• Applies only for LINEAR CIRCUIT
A LINEAR relationship
between voltage and
current
2
When the relationship fulfilled 2 properties:
• Homogeneity (scaling)
• Additivity
3
Superposition Principle: The voltage across an element ( or the
current through an element) of a linear circuit containing more than
one independent source, is the algebraic sum the voltage across
that element (or the current through that element) due to each
independent source acting alone.
4
Superposition Principle: The voltage across an element ( or the
current through an element) of a linear circuit containing more than
one independent source, is the algebraic sum the voltage across
that element (or the current through that element) due to each
independent source acting alone.
5
Superposition Principle: The voltage across an element ( or the
current through an element) of a linear circuit containing more than
one independent source, is the algebraic sum the voltage across
that element (or the current through that element) due to each
independent source acting alone.
6
Thevenin’s
In 1883, M.L. Theorem: A linear
Thevenin two-terminal
proposed circuit can be
a theorem …….
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source in
series with a resistor
I
+
Linear two-
terminal V Load
circuit
RTh I
VTh= ?
+
VTh V Load
RTh= ?
7
Thevenin’s Theorem: A linear two-terminal circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source in
series with a resistor
To determine VTh
RTh
VTh Load
=
Linear two-
terminal
circuit Load
8
Thevenin’s Theorem: A linear two-terminal circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source in
series with a resistor
To determine VTh
RTh
+
VTh Loadvoltage = Voc
open circuit = VTh
Linear two-
terminal
circuit Load
9
Thevenin’s Theorem: A linear two-terminal circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source in
series with a resistor
To determine VTh
RTh
+
VTh open circuit voltage = Voc = VTh
Linear two-
terminal +
circuit Load
open circuit voltage = Voc
10
Thevenin’s Theorem: A linear two-terminal circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source in
series with a resistor
To determine VTh
RTh
+
VTh open circuit voltage = Voc = VTh
VTh = Voc = Open circuit voltage
Linear two-
terminal +
circuit = VTh voltage
(Since =the
open circuit Voccircuit is equivalent)
11
Thevenin’s Theorem: A linear two-terminal circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source in
series with a resistor
To determine RTh
Linear
circuit –
independen
t sources
killed
Rin = RTh
To determine RTh
io
Linear
Circuit –
ONLY +
dependent
vo
-
sources
killed RTh is calculated as:
vo
• Introduce a voltage (or current) source.
R Th
io
13
Norton’s Theorem: A linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced
43byyears later, E.L. Norton proposed a similar theorem. ….
an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with
a resistor
I
+
Linear two-
terminal V Load
circuit
I IN= ?
+
IN RN
V Load
RN= ?
14
Norton’s Theorem: A linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced
by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with
a resistor
To determine IN
IN IN
RN
Linear
circuit
15
Norton’s Theorem: A linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced
by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with
a resistor
To determine IN
Linear
Short circuit current = IN
circuit
16
Norton’s Theorem: A linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced
by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with
a resistor
To determine IN
Linear
Short circuit current = IN
circuit
17
Norton’s Theorem: A linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced
by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with
a resistor
To determine RN
RN = RTh
18
Relationship between Norton’s and Thevenin’s equivalents
a
IN
RN
Linear two- a
terminal
circuit OR
a
VTh RTh
19
Relationship between Norton’s and Thevenin’s equivalents
a
+ IN
v oc INR N RN
b
a
+
VTh RTh
v oc VTh
b
20
Source Transformation: A tool used to simplify circuit; a process of
replacing a voltage source in series with a resistor by a current source
in parallel with a resistor or vice versa
R
a a
vs is
R
b b
21
Source Transformation: A tool used to simplify circuit; a process of
replacing a voltage source in series with a resistor by a current source
in parallel with a resistor or vice versa
R
a a
vs is
R
b b
vs
is or v s i sR
R
22
Maximum Power Transfer
23
Maximum Power Transfer
RTh
2
RL
VTh
R R VTh
2
Th L
PL R L
RL R Th R L
24
Maximum Power Transfer
2.4
Maximum power
2.2
p
Rl=linspace(1,60,500); 2
Vth=10; 1.8
Rth=12; 1.6
p=((Vth./(Rl+Rth)).^2).*Rl;
1.42
RL
plot(Rl,p,'r'); VTh 1.2
2
grid; R Th R L 1 VTh
PL R L
RL R Th R L
0.8
0.6
0.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
RL = 12 25
RL
Maximum Power Transfer
2
RL
VTh
R R VTh
2
Th L
PL R L
RL R Th R L
dPL
Mathematically, we evaluate RL when 0
dR L
dPL VTh2 2R L R Th R L R L R Th
0
dR L (R Th R L ) 3
26
Using PSpice to verify Norton’s and Thevenin’s Theorems
27
Using PSpice to verify Norton’s and Thevenin’s Theorems
28
Using PSpice to verify Norton’s and Thevenin’s Theorems
E2
+
-
+
E
-
R9 R8
2 2
I3
R6 R7
1Aac
TRAN = 4 6
0
29
Using PSpice to verify Norton’s and Thevenin’s Theorems
E2
+
-
+
E
-
R9 R8
2 2
I3
R6 R7
1Aac
TRAN = 4 6
0
30
Using PSpice to verify Norton’s and Thevenin’s Theorems
E2
+
-
+
E
-
R9 R8
2 2
I3 I4
R6 R7
1Aac 1Aac
TRAN = 4 6 TRAN =
0 1
31
Using PSpice to verify Norton’s and Thevenin’s Theorems
1.333V
E2
RTh = 6/1 = 6
+
-
+
-
E
4.000V
R9 R8
6.000V
2 2
I3 I4
R6 R7
1Aac 1Aac
TRAN = 4 6 TRAN =
0 1
32
Using PSpice to verify Norton’s and Thevenin’s Theorems
6.667V
E2
VTh = 20V
+
-
+
E
-
20.00V
R9 R8
20.00V
2 2
I3 I4
R6 R7
1Aac 1Aac
TRAN = 4 6 TRAN =
5 0
33