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metals
Only some unreactive metals such
as silver, gold and platinum can
occur freely in nature. Most metals
react with other elements to form
ores.
Major steps in extraction of metal
Ore concentration
– Ore is purified and concentrated, unwanted
rocks removed
Reduction to crude metal
– Metal oxides to be reduced to metals, resulting
in a mixture of metals collected
Refining to obtain pure metal
– To obtain a specific metal, purify and remove
unwanted metal impurities
the extraction of metals
Method of extraction depends on the position of the metal in
the reactivity series.
extraction of metal involves:
o getting rid of the unwanted rock to obtain concentrated
form of the mineral
o obtaining pure metal from the mineral by chemical
reactions
the extraction of metals
Metals at the top of the reactivity series are very reactive:
bonds in their compounds are very strong
must be extracted by decomposing their compounds with
electricity in an expensive process called electrolysis
aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide by passing an
electric current through it
Gas CO2 yang terbentuk selanjutnya akan bergerak ke atas dan bereaksi lebih
lanjut dengan C lain untuk membentuk CO. Reaksi ini bersifi endotermik,
sehingga terjadi sedikit penurunan suhu proses.
Produk reaksi yakni gas CO kemudian bergerak naik dan mulai mereduksi
senyawa-senyawa besi pada bijih besi.
CaO yang terbentuk akan bereaksi dengan pengotor yang bersifat asam yang
ada dalam bijih besi, seperti pasir silika. Reaksi ini menghasilkan senyawa
dengan titik didih rendah yang disebut terak (slag).
Easy to shape
Alloys
Have different physical properties
compared to their constituent
elements
Produce mainly for:
– Improving strength and hardness
– Improving resistance towards corrosion
– Improving appearance of metal
– Lower m.p of metal
Extraction of Aluminium from
Bauxite
Raw materials
– Bauxite: ore containing hydrated aluminium
oxide Al2O3.2H2O
M.p: ~2000C
– Carbon electrodes
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Extraction of Aluminium
Cryolite is added to lower the melting
point & to dissolve the ore & bauxite
ore of aluminium oxide is
continuously added
When p.d is applied,
– Al3+ is attracted to the negative cathode
– O2- is attracted to the positive anode
Extraction of Aluminium
At the cathode,
– Al3+ gains 3 electrons from the cathode to
form molten aluminium, which is tapped off
– Al3+(l) + 3e- Al (l)
At the anode,
– O2- loses 2 electrons to the anode to form
oxygen
– 2O2-(l) O2(g) + 4e-
– Oxygen released attacks carbon anode, to
form Carbon monoxide/dioxide. Carbon anode
dissolved. Needs to be replaced regularly
Anodising
Form of electroplating using oxygen,
used commonly for aluminium
Aluminium when exposed in air
forms a thin protective coat of
aluminium oxide
For better protection, a thicker coat
is made
Through the process: Anodising
Anodising
Make aluminium the anode in sulphuric
acid bath
Oxygen produced at the anode then
combines with aluminium to form a
protective porous layer aluminium oxide
1000 times thicker, compared when
exposed to air
Pores can be sealed by dipping into hot
water or coloured by using dyes which can
be absorbed into it
Uses of Aluminium
Uses Properties
Overhead Low density, light
electric cables Resistant to corrosion
(protected by aluminium oxide)
Good electrical conductivity
Food containers Non-toxic
Resistant to corrosion
Good conductor of heat
Presence of sodium
chloride/acidic pollutants
speed up rusting
4Fe(s) + 3O (g) +
Rusting is an exothermic
2
Saves costs