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Bricks
Even a brick wants to be something.
-Louis Kahan
2
Introduction
Block is a similar term referring to a rectangular building unit
composed mainly of concrete
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4
Some Structures
Made of BRICKS
5
Ancient Jetavanaramaya Stupa
(Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka)
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6
Victoria Building
(University of Liverpool, England)
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7
St, Martin’s Church
(Landshut, Germany)
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8
Malbork Castle
(Malbork, Poland)
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9
Engineering Bricks
Types of Bricks
Concrete Bricks
Engineering Bricks
Concrete Bricks
Concrete bricks are made from solid
concrete and are very common
among homebuilders. Concrete bricks
are usually placed in facades, fences,
and provide an excellent aesthetic
presence. These bricks can be
manufactured to provide different
colors as pigmented during its
production.
15
Corner block
Types of Blocks
Pillar block
Solid concrete blocks are commonly
Jamb block used, which are heavy in weight and
manufactured from dense aggregate.
Partition block They are very strong and provides
good stability to the structures. So for
Lintel block large work of masonry like for load
bearing walls these solid blocks are
Frogged brick block
preferable. They are available in
Bull nose block large sizes compared to bricks.
17
Stretcher Blocks
Corner Blocks
Pillar Blocks
Jamb Blocks
Jamb Block
22
Partition Concrete
Block
Partition concrete blocks are generally
used to build partition walls. Partition
blocks have larger height than its
breadth. Hollow part is divided into
two to three components in case of
partition blocks.
23
Lintel Blocks
Lintel block or beam block is used for
the purpose of provision of beam or
lintel beam. Lintel beam is generally
provided on the top portion of doors
and windows, which bears the load
coming from top. Concrete lintel
blocks have deep groove along the
length of block as shown. After
placing the blocks, this groove is filled
with concrete along with
reinforcement.
24
Lintel Block
25
Frogged Brick
Blocks
Frogged brick block contains a frog on
its top along with header and stretcher
like frogged brick. This frog will helps
the block to hold mortar and to
develop the strong bond with top
laying block.
26
Bullnose Concrete
Block
Iron Pyrite
Alkalies
Carbonaceous Matters
Harmful
Pebbles
Sulphate of Lime
Constituents of
Magnesium Sulphate Brick Earth
Sodium and Potassium Chlorides
Manufacture of
Clay Bricks
The fundamentals of brick
manufacturing have not
changed over time. However
technological advancement
have made contemporary bricks
plants substantially more
efficient and have improved the
overall quality of the products.
A more complete knowledge of
raw materials and their
properties, better control of
firing improved kiln designs and
more advanced mechanization
have all contributed to
advancing the brick industry.
31
Surface Clays
01 Shales
02 Fire Clays
03
it may be the up thrusts of older are clays that have been are usually mined at deeper
deposits. subjected to high pressure until levels.
they have nearly hardened into
slate.
33
Process of Manufacture
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34
1. Selection of Site
2. Preparation of Clay
a. Weathering – the soil is left on heaps and exposed to weather for at
least one month in cases where such weathering is considered
necessary for soil. The purpose of weathering is to disintegrate big
boulders of clay under the action of atmospheric agencies to make it
uniform mass and also to eliminate the impurities which get
oxidized.
b. Tempering – After weathering the required quantity of water should
be mixed with the soil to obtain the right consistency for molding.
The quantity of water to be added may range from ¼ to 1/3 of the
weight of soil, sandy soils requiring less water and the clayey soils
requires more water The moistened soil is kneading the soil maybe
plugged in a pug mill of suitable size corresponding the quantity of
bricks to be manufactured.
36
Moulding of Bricks
a. Hand molding
b. Machine moulding
5. Burning of Bricks
Brick Clamp
01 Kiln Burning
02
are not permanent structure and that are permanent structure and have
most of the fuel is incorporated in arrangement for introducing furl
clays during the burning period
41
CLASSIFICATION
BRICKS are classified as the following:
OF BURNT CLAY
On the basis of Quality
Sand Faced
Rustic
Multi-Coloured
45
Hand moulded
46
Machine moulded
47
Very hard
Hard
Slightly soft.
Very hard
BURNT CLAY
shape and standard size.
The absorption of bricks is not related directly to the porosity. Some of the
absorption may be through the pores, which permit air to escape in absorption test
but others are cul-de-sac or even completely sealed and inaccessible to water
under ordinary conditions. For these reason, it is seldom impossible to fill more
than about 75% of the pores by simple immersion in cold water and boiling method
is adopted for measuring complete absorption. In both cold water test and boiling
water test, the specimen is dried in a ventilated oven at 100⁰ C to 150⁰ C till it
attains a substantially constant mass. In cold water test the specimen is then kept
immersed in clean water at 27⁰ C for 24 hours. It is weighed again to determine the
weight of water absorbed and water absorption percentage is given by:
In the boiling water test after the dried specimen is immersed in a tank such that
water can circulate freely on all sides of the specimen. Water is healed to boiling in
one hour and boiled continuously for five hours. The water is allowed to cool to 27⁰
C by natural loss of heat for 16 to 19 hours. The specimen is again weighed and
the water absorption percentage is given by
What is efflorescence?
is a crystalline deposit of salts
often seen on the surface of
Test for concrete, bricks, stucco or
Results
Results
Results
What is warpage?
Heavy-duty Bricks
Special Bricks
Perforated Building Bricks
These bricks are different from the commonly
Burnt Clay Hollow Blocks used building bricks with respect to their shape,
specification and special purpose for which they
Sand Lime Bricks are made. Accordingly the following types of
bricks may be classified as special bricks.
Sewer Bricks
Acid-resistant Bricks
Refractory Bricks
68
Special Shaped Bricks
+1200k +5000k
Bull-nosed Bricks
These are used for rounding off
sharp corner
69
Special Shaped Bricks
+1200k +5000k
Cant/Plinth Bricks
These bricks have a bevel taken of one side and
may be used in plinth or in doors and window
jambs
70
Special Shaped Bricks
+1200k +5000k
Cornice Bricks
These are often made in different shapes and
sizes. These bricks are used for constructing
cornice.
71
Special Shaped Bricks
+1200k +5000k
Circle Bricks
+1200k +5000k
Coping Bricks
+1200k +5000k
Gutter Bricks
Are used for draining water from slope roofs,
stables and pavements.
74
Special Shaped Bricks
+1200k +5000k
Jamb Bricks
Are ornamental bricks, used in doors and
window jambs. These are either chamfered or
differently rounded at one corner.
75
Special Shaped Bricks
+1200k +5000k
Sill Bricks
Are specially manufactured ornamental bricks
for window sills.
76
Special Shaped Bricks
+1200k +5000k
Key Bricks
+1200k +5000k
Round Bricks
Are used for circular pillars.
78
Special Shaped Bricks
+1200k +5000k
Hollow Bricks
Are used in construction of hollow walls.
79
Special Shaped Bricks
+1200k +5000k
Mullion Bricks
+1200k +5000k
Perforated/ Air Bricks
+1200k +5000k
Corbel Bricks
Are ornamental bricks, used in doors and
window jambs. These are either chamfered or
differently rounded at one corner.
82
Special Shaped Bricks
+1200k +5000k
Chequered Bricks
These are extensively used for garden walks,
street pavements, table floors, etc. These
bricks render the wall less slippery.
83
Special Shaped Bricks
Tubular Bricks
Are hollow bricks having large perforations
running along their length.
84
Special Shaped Bricks
+1200k +5000k
Hourdi Bricks
Are similar to the tubular bricks, but are flat
instead of round.
85
Special Shaped Bricks
+1200k +5000k
Culvert Bricks
Are shaped as voussirs or arches
and they taper in thickness.
86
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103
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104
19 9 9
19 9 4
107 2. Tolerance for distortion or warpage of face or edges of
individual brick from a plane surface and from a straight line
respectively should be 2.5mm
Dimension Tolerance
(cm) (mm)
19 +5
9 +2
4 + 1.5
108
Bricks
chambers and towers in
chemical plants, lining of sewer
carrying industrial effluents, etc.
to prevent deterioration of
surface by acid except
hydrofluoric acid and per chloric
acid and other chemicals.
112
The actual dimensions for acid resistant bricks are 230 x 114 x 64mm .
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Dimension Tolerance
(mm) (mm)
230 +3.5
114 +2.0
64 +1.0
114 Acid resistant bricks are manufactured in two classes satisfying the requirements as given in the table.
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115
Bricks
soft and melting. The refractory
clay is composed of heat
resisting materials such as
silica, alumina, bauxite,
magnesite, chromite, etc. and
does not contain metallic oxide
of iron, lime alkalies owing to
their actions as fluxes.
118
The preparation of clay, moulding, drying, burning in kins and aneating of fire bricks are the same
as detailed for ordinary bricks.
119
The preparation of clay, moulding, drying, burning in kins and aneating of fire bricks are the same
as detailed for ordinary bricks.
120
These are not as satisfactory as magnesite bricks. These are made of calcined
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dolomite, the carbonate of magnesia and lime. The natural rock or a mixture of the
rock and is ground and tempered with water and moulded. After drying they are burnt
like magnesia bricks. These bricks suffer greater contraction at high temperature than
bricks.
127
Bauxite Bricks
Bauxite which consists of 50% of 50% or more of alumina ----- and iron and silica as
impurities of calcined and crushed to a fine powder. It is then mixed with 15 to 30% of
fire clay and with water and then moulded. Although properly burnt, bauxite bricks are
highly refractory they have not come into general use because of high shrinkage and
high temperature.
128
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These contains 30 to 40% of chrome oxide, the remainder being mainly oxide of
magnesium, aluminum and silicon. They possess great resistance to corrosive
actions of slags and gases. They are less refractory and weaker magnesia bricks.
130
Chrome-magnesite Bricks
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These are made from a mixture of chrome ore and magnesite with a predominating
percentage of chrome ore. These bricks possess good mechanical properties.
131
Spinel
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These are made from mineral forsterite (2MgO SiO2). They have less shrinkage and
possess good mechanical properties at high temperature.
133
Roofing Tiles
01 Flooring Tiles
02 Wall Tiles
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03
Building tiles are principally of three types depending upon their use:
135
Roofing Tiles
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Roof tiles are designed mainly to keep out rain, and are traditionally made from
locally available materials such as terracotta or slate. Modern materials such
as concrete and plastic are also used and some clay tiles have a waterproof glaze.
136 20x20cm
20x10cm
15x15cm
Thickness 15mm or 20mm
Tolerance of length and width +5cm
and for thickness +2cm
137
Porcelain Tile
145
Marble Tile
146
Travertine Tile
147
Walling Tiles
148
Walling Tiles
149
Granite Tile
150
Glass Tile
151
General Quality
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Flooring , roofing, terracing are made from good clay or even texture and should be
well burnt. This should be uniform in size and shape and should be free irregularities
such as twists, bends, crack, flaws ,etc.
152
Warpage Test
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Warpage should not exceed 2% along the edges and 1.5 along the diagonal in case
of flooring tiles. In case of terracing tiles maximum warpage should not exceed in any
direction by 1%.
153
Water absorption test for flooring, roofing and
terracing tiles