NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Telecommunications Engineering

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION (LAB ASSIGNMENT)

SATELLITE ACCESS TECHNIQUES

Group Members: Submitted To:
Syeda Faiza Warsi TC – 058 (GL) Ms. Farzeen Iqbal
Sanam Iftikhar TC - 305
Usama Aftab TC - 054
Sukena Rizvi TC - 033 Date of Submission:
Rabia Javed TC - 046 11th October 2011
Farheen Khan TC - 303
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 SATELLITE ACCESS TECHNIQUES
 Multiple Access (MA) refers to the general process used in communications systems in which
system assets (circuits, channels, transponders, etc.) are allocated to users.

 Goal is to allow the communications network to respond to expected changes in user

demand and adapt resources to provide the desired level of performance

 Satellite systems often offer benefits over terrestrial transmission alternatives for
implementation of efficient MA because the inherent ground/space link architecture allows
network asset optimization without the need to add additional nodes or other components to
the system.

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA)

 TDMA is a channel access method for shared medium networks
 Shares single carrier frequency with multiple users
 Non-continuous transmission makes handoff simpler
 Slots can be assigned on demand in dynamic TDMA
 Flexible bit rate
 No need for precise narrowband filters
 Less stringent power control than CDMA due to reduced ICI
 Requires network-wide timing synchronization
 Multi-path distortion

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BURST TRASMISSION PLAN
 A master station with visibility of the whole network maintains access discipline and
scheduling.
 BTP specifies the frequency; polarization of the transmissions; position: duration of each burst
in the frame; name/identification of the originating station for every transponder

TDMA FRAME STRUCTURE

CTBR: Enables receiving ES to recover remainder of burst. Contains sequence of pre
determined signals used for synch of bit clock

UW: 20 - 48 bits; acts as station identifier / burst marker; Maintains Frame Synchronization

SIC: identifies Tx Station

Preamble: Allows the receiver to acquire on top of the coarse synchronization provided by the
reference burst a fine estimate of timing and carrier phase.

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Guard Period: Used to avoid loss and to reduce interference to the following user, caused by
propagation delay. Thus a user's timeslot is protected from interference from the preceding user,
by the guard interval (guard period) at the end of that preceding user's timeslot.

Longer Guard periods allow more distant echoes to be tolerated. However, longer guard
intervals reduce the channel efficiency.

NETWORK SYNCHRONISATION
 Open window method; Wait for UW
 Once detected, close detection gate
 Open detection gate before end of frame
 Wait for UW
 if 3 times in a row correct; start operations

NON-DETECTION FALSE DETECTION

 Probability decreases, if Probability decreases, when
– bit error rate of link decreases – length of UW increases
– length of UW decreases – correlation threshold increases
– correlation threshold decreases

Pre-assigned TDMA
Every earth station is allotted a specific time slot

Demand assigned TDMA

The time slot are allotted to the earth station on request from the control
station
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Comparison of Uplink power requirements for FDMA and TDMA
 In TDMA , all station transmit bursts
in the uplink producing equal power as
received at the satellite, therefore
requires a higher bit rate and higher
EIRP to transmit.

 In FDMA , there are modulated

carriers from different earth station in
form of digital or analog, so there is
no need to maintain power levels to
transmit, low bit rate and low EIRP is
required

 For small number of satellite FDMA

should be the mode of operation,
where as TDMA permit more efficient
use of the satellite transponder by
eliminating the need of backoff.

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 Satellite Switched TDMA
 SS-TDMA employs sequenced beam switching to add
an additional level of multiple access in a frequency
translation satellite.

 The switching is accomplished at RF or at an

intermediate frequency (IF) and is unique to satellite
based systems.

 Adds antenna beam switching to provide additional

MA capability to adapt to changing demand
requirements.

 Provides fixed switch positions that increase options

and allow the network to support varied users.

 3 antenna beams are used (each serving 2 ES)

 3x3 satellite switch matrix is the key component that permits the antenna
interconnections to be made on a switched basis.

 With three beams, six modes would be required for full interconnectivity
(signals carried in each beam are transferred to each of the other beams at
some time in the switching sequence).

UL and DL microwave frequencies are different.

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Pre-Assigned FDMA
 Frequency slots pre assigned to analog and digital
signals

 Pre-assignment also may be made on the basis of a

single channel per carrier (SPSC). An important feature
of the SPSC system is that on a 2-way channel, only 1
carrier is operatable at a time.

 All three earth stations (as shown) access a single

satellite transponder channel simultaneously, and each
communicates with both of the others. Thus it is
assumed that the satellite receive and transmit antenna
beams are global, encompassing all three earth
stations. Each earth station transmits one uplink carrier
modulated with a 60-channel super group and receives
two similar downlink carriers.

Demand-Assigned FDMA
Transponder frequency bandwidth is subdivided into a number of channels

a. Polling method : A master earth station continuously polls all the earth
stations in sequence, and if a call request is encountered, frequency
slots are assigned from the pool of available frequencies. The polling
delay with such a system tends to become excessive as the number of
participating earth stations increases.
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b. Centrally controlled random access: earth stations may request calls through the master earth
station as the need arises. Frequencies are assigned, if available, by the master station, and when
the call is completed, the frequencies are returned to the pool. If no frequencies are available, the
blocked call requests may be placed in a queue, or a second call attempt may be initiated by the
requesting station.

c. Distributed control Random Access: Control is assigned at each earth station. An example is the
Spade system operated by INTELSAT

SPADE SYSTEM
 Spade is a loose acronym for SCPC pulse-code-modulated multiple-access demand-assignment
equipment.

 Spade was developed by Comsat for use on the INTELSAT satellites and is compatible with the
INTELSAT SCPC pre-assigned system

 All the earth stations are permanently connected through the CSC.

 Each ES has a memory of the list of frequencies available and the list
is constantly updated through the CSC.

 The CSC also passes the signaling info from the calling to destination station.

 Each earth station has a DASS( demand assignment signaling and switching)
equipment for this function.

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Bandwidth limited and power limited TWTA operation:
 Carriers can access transponder (BW=BTR) in FDMA mode
 If there are K carriers of band B, then best achievement would be K= BTR /B.

 By increasing EIRP, this cant be improved, so it is band limited and the system is said to be
bandwidth-limited. Likewise, for digital systems, the bit rate is determined by the bandwidth, which
again will be limited to some maximum value by B TR.

 The signal bandwidth will be approximately equal to the noise bandwidth, and if the EIRP is
below a certain level, the bandwidth will have to be correspondingly reduced to maintain the [ C/ N]
at the required value.
C/N=EIRP+(GR)-Losses-k-TS -BN

FDMA Downlink Analysis

Consider the overall carrier-to-noise ratio, in terms of noise power instead of noise power
density.
(C/N)REQ<(C/N)D
Ignoring the inter-modulation noise since it is reduced by FDMA back off

Consider the effect of power limitation; the output power for each FDMA carrier is (if there
are K carriers): EIRPD=EIRPS-BO0-K

The back off is needed here to be equal to the following to achieve the best (C/N):-
BO0 =K(B/BTR)

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CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA)
 Channel access method used by various radio communication technologies
 Allows several transmitters to send information over a single communication channel
 CDMA also known as Spread Spectrum Multiple Access (SSMA)

Steps
 Spreads the bandwidth of the data uniformly for
the same transmitted power
 Spreading Code is a pseudo-random code
 Locally generated code runs at a much higher rate
than the data to be transmitted i.e Rch>>Rb

FH-CDMA
 It is the repeated switching of frequencies during radio transmission, often to minimize the
effectiveness of the unauthorized interception or jamming of telecommunications.

 Transmits radio signals by rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency channels, using a
pseudorandom sequence known to both transmitter and receiver.

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DS-CDMA
 DSSS phase-modulates a sine wave pseudo-randomly with a continuous string of pseudo-
noise (PN) code symbols called "chips", each of which has a much shorter duration than an
information bit.

 DSSS uses a signal structure in which the sequence of chips produced by the transmitter is
known a priori by the receiver. The receiver can then use the same PN sequence to counteract
the effect of the PN sequence on the received signal in order to reconstruct the information
signal.

DS-CDMA
Modulation

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Spreading and De-Spreading
 Multiply the data being transmitted by a "noise" signal at a frequency much higher than that of
the original signal, thereby spreading the energy of the original signal into a much wider band.

 For de-spreading to work correctly, the transmit and receive sequences must be synchronized.

 The resulting effect of enhancing signal to noise ratio on the channel is called process gain. This
effect can be made larger by employing a longer PN sequence and more chips per bit, but physical
devices used to generate the PN sequence impose practical limits on attainable processing gain.

 DSSS allows multiple transmitters to share the same channel within the limits of the cross-
correlation properties of their PN sequences.

DS-CDMA
De-Modulation

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