Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 19

Matter

• Matter is described as anything that has


a mass and occupies a space.
• There are three states of matter:
Solid, liquid and gas.
• All that you see around you is made of
some kind of material or other.
• All materials are thus made of matter.
Solids, liquids & gases

1
Matter & materials
 All objects are either made from natural
or man-made (artificial) materials
 Properties depend on composition of
material & uses of the material depend
upon its properties States of matter

 Physical properties: appearance,


strength, electrical & heat conductivity
 Chemical properties: how substances
react in chemical reactions.
2
Mixtures
Mixtures are combinations of 2 or more
substances that maintain their physical
properties and may be separated by
physical means. i.e. screws and nails in a
bowl may be separated by hand.

There are 2 types of mixtures:

 Homogeneous mixtures &


 Heterogeneous mixtures
3
Homogeneous Mixtures
• Have uniform composition
• Can’t visually distinguish components
of mixture
• Often in the same phase

Examples: salt water


air
alcohol & water

4
Heterogeneous Mixtures
• No uniform composition
• Can visually distinguish components
• Sometimes in different phases
Fe + S
Examples: oil & water
muddy water
sulphur & iron filings

Separating oil & water

5
Separation of mixtures
Mixtures can be separated by physical
means i.e. magnetism, boiling points,
solubility etc.

How could the following be separated?


Sulphur & iron filings
Water & salt separation
Water and alcohol
Muddy water
Salty water Fe & S separation

Nails & screws


6
Chromatography
This occurs when ink is separated into the
different colours making up the ink.
Chromatography

Absorbent paper with ink marks

Solvent: mixture of ethanol & water


The different colours travel through the paper at
different speeds. Different effects:

7
Pure substances
Pure substances consist of only one type
of substance and can’t be separated by
physical means. Compounds & mixtures

Elements and compounds are pure


substances.
Elements: gold, copper, oxygen, iron etc.
Compounds: water, table salt,
copper sulphate & sugar
8
Elements & compounds
Elements can’t be broken down into simpler
substances. They consist of atoms.

Compounds are made of 2 or more elements


& can be broken down (by chemical means)
into the elements making up the compound.

Compounds usually consist of molecules or


formula units. The elements making up the
compound always occur in a fixed ratio.
Elements & compounds
9
Elements
Elements are classified according to their
chemical properties and their structures.

Elements consist of:


Metals (about 80)
Metalloids (or semi-metals – about 7)
Non-metals (about 20)

Elements are arranged in the periodic


table according to their structures. 10
General properties of elements
 Metals on left of table – usually hard, shiny
& good conductors of electricity & heat.
 Non-metals on right of table – usually softer,
dull in colour & don’t conduct electricity or
heat.
 Metalloids have properties of both metals
and non-metals & situated in a diagonal
down the table next to the non-metals
 Metalloids can conduct electricity under
certain conditions & are called
semiconductors Periodic table
11
Classification of elements
Write down the symbols & names of:

3 metalloids:

7 non-metals:

15 metals

12
Electrical conductivity of elements
Some metals conduct well: Cu, Ag

Some not so well: Ni, Zn & Cr


Conductivity

Conductivity of metals decreases with an


increase in temperature.

Conductivity of metalloids usually


increase with an increase in temperature.
13
Insulators
Metals have electrons available to allow
electrical conductivity.
Non-metals do not have electrons available
to allow electrical conduction & are poor
conductors. Conductors & insulators

Materials that do not allow electrical


conduction are called insulators

Insulators: glass, wood, china,


sulphur.
14
Thermal conductors & insulators
Best Worst
conductor
Diamond
insulator
Silver & copper
Aluminium, steel
Lead
Ice, marble, glass
Human tissue (excluding blood)
Rubber, wood
Polystyrene
Cork, wool
Worst Best
conductor air insulator
15
Great insulation!

16
Hot water

Unmelted
wax
Melted
wax

Conduction of heat

Different rods are connected to a trough containing hot


water. The rods were dipped into molten wax & the wax
was allowed to solidify on the rods.
Discuss the heat conductivity of these rods. 17
Magnetic and non-magnetic
materials
Only 3 really important magnetic
materials:
Iron, nickel &cobalt

All other materials are less non-


magnetic: zinc, wood, paper etc

Substances affected
by magnets
18
Compounds
Compounds are named according to
the elements making up the compound
and we use formulae to represent the
compound. Compounds

Sodium chloride: NaCl


Magnesium oxide: MgO
Copper sulphate: CuSO4
NaCl CuSO4
CO2 MgO 19

Вам также может понравиться