Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

Physical Development
During
The First Three Years

Chapter Three

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

I. Birth
A. Four Stages of Childbirth
B. Methods of Delivery
1. Medicated Delivery
2. Natural and Prepared Childbirth
3. Cesarean Delivery
4. Electronic Fetal Monitoring

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

C. Settings for Childbirth
1. Hospitals
2. Birthing Centers
3. At Home

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

II. The Newborn/Neonatal Period
A. Size and Appearance
B. Body Systems
1. Circulatory System
2. Respiratory System
3. Gastrointestinal System
4. Temperature Regulation

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

C. The Brain and Reflex Behavior
1. Development of the Central
Nervous System
2. How the Environment Influences
Brain Development
3. A Newborn’s Reflexes

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

D. Medical and Behavioral Screening
1. Immediate Medical Assessment:
The Apgar Scale
2. Neonatal Screening for Medical
Conditions
3. Assessing Responses:
The Brazelton Scale

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

III. Survival and Health During Infancy
A. Complications of Childbirth
1. Low Birthweight
2. Postmature Babies

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

B. Life-Span Issue: Can a Supportive
Environment Overcome Effects of
Birth Complications?
1. Kauai Study
2. Identified Protective Factors

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

C. Death During Infancy
1. Trends in Infant Mortality
2. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

IV. Early Physical Development
A. Principles of Development
1. Cephalocaudal Principle
2. Proximodistal Principle
B. State of Arousal: The Body Cycles
C. Growth

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

D. Nourishment
1. Breast Milk or Formula
2. Cow’s Milk and Solid Foods
E. Early Sensory Capacities
1. Touch and Pain Sensitivity
2. Smell
3. Taste
4. Hearing
5. Sight

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

F. Motor Development
1. Maturation in Context
2. Milestones
3. Contextual Influences
G. How Different Are Boys and Girls?

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.