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DEIXIS
Deixis means “pointing via language”
Any linguistic form used to do this “pointing” is called a deictic
expression. Word like here, there, this, that, now and then, as well as
most pronouns, such as I, we, you, he, her and them are deictic
expression
Deixis as parts of references
Deixis can also be interpreted as a word whose referent is always
changing depending on the context. Deixis is also a part of linguistics
that is part of pragmatics that has a relationship with words or
sentences that change due to the situation and context of the
sentence.
• A word like i, here, now is a deotic word. Words like this do not have
fixed referrals. Unlike the case with words such as chair, house, paper.
Anyone who says the word chair, house, paper, in any place, at any
time, the referent referred to remains the same. However, the
referent in word i, here, now can be known if it is known also who, in
which place, and at what time the words were spoken.
Deictic Elements
• The deictic elements of a language are the linguistics forms relating to
a particular time, place, speaker, or discourse context.

• They have limited meaning in sentences without deictic context.


Context of Utterance and Definiteness

UTTERANCE
• It is spoken
• May be grammatical or not.
• A piece of language.
• Meaningful or meaningless.

➡ the point at which the thought is expressed


Definiteness ➡ is a feature of a noun phrase selected
by a speaker to convey his assumption that the
hearer will be able to identify the referent of a noun
phrase.

Example :
Prince William has a dog. The dog has grey fur.
Classification of Deixis
• Person Deixis ➡ any expresion to point a person.
✔ I, me, you, my, mine, you, yours.
✔ He, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, them, their, theirs.
✔ Your Majesty, sri.

Example :
I can see you.
• Temporal Diexis ➡ any expression to point to a
time.
✔ now, then, tonight, yesterday.

Example :
You have to do it now.
Now I am reading a novel.
• Diectic Center : the time of uttearance's time

Near Speaker ➡ Proximal ➡ This, here, now

Away from speaker ➡ Distal ➡ That, there, then


• Place Diexis ➡ it concerns the specification of
locations relative to anchorage points in the speech
events.

Example :
This is my pen.
That is my friend.
Anaphora
• Subcategories of endophora : an expression that reffers to something in
the same text
• Anaphora means an expression that refers to something mentioned earlier
in the context

Anaphora
Ex:
Katty loves cats. No wonder she has 20 cats
Justin buys new ring for me . It is a diamond ring
Jack and Jill tried to lift the box and push it onto the top shelf
• Anaphoric expresssion can be found in proform which is to express
stands for another word, phrase , clause or sentence where the
meaning is retrieved from the context
• Proform is used to avoid the usage and the repetition of the word
used in one sentence
• Samuel loves flowers, and that is why he plant a lot of them and
always present them for his mother and sister.
• Pronoun,pro-adjective, pro-adverb, pro-verb, pro-sentence
• A pronoun is used to substitutes a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence
-> laptop is the most important gadget in student life because it is needed
to do assignment and search for material
• A pro-adjective is used to substitutes an adjective or a phrase that
function as an adjective
-> her dress is green. So is mine
• An adverb or phrase function as adverb in a sentence will be substitute
with pro-adverb
-> he exercised regulary. I did too
• Pro-verb it is used substitutes a verb or a verb phrase
-> I like cats as she does
• Pro-sentence substitutes an entire sentence or sub-sentence
->do you love animals?- yes, i do
Referential Ambiguity
-> reference to a certain entity but realize that the entity(ies) are pointing to
is more than one.

• Presence of pronouns
Ex: the boy told his father the theft. He was very upset.
• Presence of substitution items
Ex: Adam was asked to send the things and go to the hospital afterwards and
he did it .
• Common nouns
Ex: All the lectures, Mr. Andi, Mr. Onsu and Mr. Jack applied for the post of
dean, but the man was given the position

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