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Process in Conducting
Research
Lesson 1. The research process
• Observation studies
• Questionnaires
• Interviews
• Focus groups
• Document analysis
• Mathematical modeling
• The experimental method
Research methods – Common Types
Data collection:
no perfect example; varies with the type of problem
often through writing up of notes
may also involve taping or filming
graphs, charts
Research methods – Common Types
Data collection:
Questionnaire forms (hard copies), web based questionnaires.
Data collection:
Structured one – ticking/writing on a form
Less structured data – taping and taking notes
Research methods – Common Types
It is a non-reactive method.
Create codebook
Single item
Summed scores
Difference scores
Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data
Descriptive Statistics
Mean Variance
Z-Score
Median Standard Deviation
Percentile Ranks
Mode Range
Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data
Hypothesis testing
Confidence interval
Set the level of significance (alpha level) for rejecting the null
hypothesis
E.g.: if population has 45% men, then we make sure sample is 45%
men
Study Design
Research methods and methodology: describes the tools used for data
collection and describes the method for data analysis.
Thank you
Example 1.
Research Method:
Qualitative:
1. Population and sampling – four groups are proposed with the following
profiles……
Timing/ work plan: The table below shows the time frame to conduct the
research …
Week Activity
1-4 Desk research
4-6 Qualitative field work
Example 2.
Budget: The cost break down of the budget required to carry out the
research is shown as below.