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Database Concepts
Lecture Objectives
Data vs Information
Historical Roots of Databases
What is a database, what it does, and why
database design is important
What a DBMS is, what it does, and how it fits
into the database system
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Data vs Information
Information System
Encompasses logic, algorithms and data
Transformation of data into useful information
Data versus Information
Data constitute building blocks of information
Information produced by processing data
Good, timely, relevant information key to decision
making
Good decision making key to organization’s
survival
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Data vs Information
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Data vs Information
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Historical Roots of Databases
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Historical Roots of Databases
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File System Critique
File System Data Management
Requires extensive programming in third-
generation language (3GL)
Time consuming
Makes ad hoc queries impossible
Leads to islands of information
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File System Critique (con’t.)
Data Dependence
Change in file’s data characteristics requires
modification of data access programs
Must tell program what to do and how
Makes file systems cumbersome from
programming and data management views
Structural Dependence
Change in file structure requires modification of
related programs
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File System Critique (con’t.)
Field Definitions and Naming Conventions
Flexible record definition anticipates reporting
requirements
Selection of proper field names important
Attention to length of field names
Use of unique record identifiers
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File System Critique (con’t.)
Data Redundancy
Different and conflicting versions of same data
Results of uncontrolled data redundancy
Data anomalies
Modification
Insertion
Deletion
Data inconsistency
Lack of data integrity
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Introducing the Database
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Database Management
A Database Management System (DBMS)
manages the access to the database (and
ultimately the data)
Database Management System (DBMS):
Collection of programs that manages
database structure and controls access to
data
Sharing of data among multiple
applications and users
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Importance of DBMS
Makes data management more efficient
and effective
Query language allows quick answers to ad
hoc queries
Provides better access to more and better-
managed data
Promotes integrated view of organization’s
operations
Reduces the probability of inconsistent
data
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DBMS Manages Interaction
Figure 1.2
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Importance of a DBMS
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Importance of a DBMS
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Importance of a DBMS
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Database Design
Importance of Good Design
eliminates data redundancy
eliminates errors leading to bad decisions
Practical Approach
Focus on principles and concepts of database
design
Importance of logical design
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Database vs. File Systems
Figure 1.6
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Database System Environment
Figure 1.7
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DBMS environment roles
Database Administrators
Responsible for:
Physical implementation of the DBMS
Security and integrity control of the DBMS
Maintenance of the operational system
Ensuring satisfactory performance of the
applications for users
Requires detailed knowledge of the
target DBMS and the system
environment
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DBMS environment roles
Database Designer
Logical Database Designer
Responsible for:
Identifying the data (entities and attributes)
Identifying the relationships between the
data
Identifying the constraints on the data
Ensures that the direction of database
development ultimately supports corporate
objectives
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DBMS environment roles
Database Designer
Physical Database Designer
Decides how the logical database design is
to be physically realized
Responsible for:
Mapping the logical database design into a
set of tables and integrity constraints
Selecting specific storage structures and
access methods for the data to achieve good
performance
Designing any security measures required on
the data
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Database System Types
Single-user vs. Multiuser Database
Single-user desktop
Multi-user workgroup
Enterprise
Centralized vs. Distributed
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Database Uses
Production or transactional
Supports day-to-day operations
Decision support or data warehouse
Information for tactical or strategic
decision making
Historical Data
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DBMS Functions
Data dictionary management
Defines data elements and their
relationships
Data storage management
Stores data and related data entry forms,
report definitions, etc
Data transformation and presentation
Translates logical requests into commands
to physically locate and retrieve the
requested data
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DBMS Functions
Security management
Enforces user security and data privacy
within database
Multi-user access control
Creates structures that allow multiple
users to access the data
Backup and recovery management
Provides backup and data recovery utilities
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DBMS Functions
Data integrity management
Promotes and enforces integrity rules to
eliminate data integrity problems
Database language and application
programming interfaces
Provides data access through a query
language
Database communication interfaces
Allows database to accept end-user
requests within a computer network
environment
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Where do we go from here?
Data Modeling
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Where do we go from here?
Data Modeling
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