SETS

By Juan Mario Gamarra 1

A set is a collection (or group) of objects called elements.
ℤ: 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠
ℤ+ = 1,2,3,4 … ℕ: 𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝐴 = 2,4,6,8 ℕ+ : 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
ℕ− : 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
By Juan Mario Gamarra 2
How do we represent sets?

Listing

sets Set-builder

Venn diagram

By Juan Mario Gamarra 3

 Set of first four even positive numbers

Listing method Set-builder

Elements

𝑆 = 2,4,6,8 𝑆 = 𝑥| 𝑥 < 9, 𝑥 ∈ ℕ, 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛

Commas
Set of Conditionals
Capital All x
letter
Curly
Brackets Such that

By Juan Mario Gamarra 4

Venn diagram Represent a set of first ten natural numbers.

S 𝐵 = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 𝐵 = 1,2,3 … 9,10

2 8
6 𝐵 = 𝑥| 𝑥 > 0, 𝑥 < 11, 𝑥 ∈ ℕ
4

B 2 8
6
3
4 9
10
5 1
7

By Juan Mario Gamarra 5

Set of all natural numbers upto 30.

𝐴 = 1,2,3,4 … 29,30

𝐴 = 𝑥| 𝑥 > 0, 𝑥 < 31, 𝑥 ∈ ℕ

A 8 11
2
6
4 3 9 23
10
5 1
7 15
12
20
By Juan Mario Gamarra 6
Universal set
Universal set is a set that contains everything. 𝑈

Generally denoted by capital “U”.

𝐴= 𝑥|𝑥 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 9°
𝐵= 𝑥|𝑥 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 10°𝐴
𝐶= 𝑥|𝑥 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 10°𝐵
𝐷= 𝑥|𝑥 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 11°
𝐸= 𝑥|𝑥 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 12°
𝑈 = 𝑥|𝑥 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙

𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 + 𝐸 = 𝑈 = 𝑥|𝑥 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙

By Juan Mario Gamarra 7
U
B A

D
E
U
C B A

D
E
C

By Juan Mario Gamarra 8

Venn diagram
To understand Venn diagram lets do an example of two sets.

A set of people who like soccer = a, b, d, e S d

a
e
b

A set of people who like basketball = c, a, d, g, f

B
a f
c
d g
By Juan Mario Gamarra 9
Set of people who like soccer or basketball
B
S
SUB: S or C or both e f
a c
𝑆𝑈𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑐, 𝑔, 𝑓
d
b g

Set of people who like soccer and basketball

S∩B: both S and C B

S
𝑆 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝑑 e f
a c
d
b g

By Juan Mario Gamarra 10

 B B
S S
e f e f
a c a c
d Set B d S–B
b g b g
(Only S)

B B
S S
e f
e f a c
a c
d B–S
d Set S b g
b g (Only B)

By Juan Mario Gamarra 11

At an appliance store´s going-out-of-business sale, 152 costumers bought either a
washer or a dryer or both. Twenty-two customers bought both a washer and dryer. If
58 customers bought only a dryer, how many customers bought only a washer?

A= washer A B
B= dryer
A – B =X 22 B – A = 58

AUB= 152
A∩B= 22
B – A = 58
A–B =x 𝑥 + 22 + 58 = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
𝑥 + 22 + 58 = 152
𝑥 = 152 − 22 − 58
𝑥 = 72 A – B = 72
By Juan Mario Gamarra 12
There is a group of 85 people: 40 are studying, 50 are working, 10 are studying and
working. How many people neither study nor work?

𝑈 = 85
𝑆 ∩ 𝑊 = 10
5
40 50
𝑆 ∪ 𝑊 = 80 S W
𝑆 − 𝑊 + 𝑆 ∩ 𝑊 + 𝑊 − 𝑆 = 80
30 10 40

𝑈 = 85
𝑈 − 𝑆 ∪ 𝑊 = 85 − 80 = 5

By Juan Mario Gamarra 13

150 people attend to a musical contest. 80 of them are singers, 60 dancers and 30
neither dance nor sing. How many people are dancers and singers?
𝑈 = 150
𝑈 = 150
𝑆∩𝐷 =?
30

𝑆∪𝐷 =? 80 60
S D
𝑈 = 𝑆 ∪ 𝐷 + 30
𝑆 ∪ 𝐷 = 𝑈 − 30 a b c
𝑆 ∪ 𝐷 = 150 − 30 = 120

By Juan Mario Gamarra 14

 𝑈 = 150
𝑆 ∪ 𝐷 = 120
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 120
30
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 80
80 60
S D
80+𝑐 = 120
𝑐 = 120 − 80 = 40
a b c

𝑏 + 𝑐 = 60
𝑏 = 60 − 𝑐

𝑏 = 20

By Juan Mario Gamarra 15

180 students of a school took a survey about subjects they like or do not. 34 students
like Science, but hate Math. 28 students like Science but not Physics. 16 like Math but
not Science. 24 students like Math but not Physics. 48 students like Physics but don´t
Science. 18 students like Physics but not Math.
How many students like all the three subjects? a + d = 34
U=180 a + b = 28
c + f = 16
c + b = 24
S M g + f = 48
g + d = 18
U=180 a b c
S= science e a + b + c + d + e + f +g =180
M= math d f
P= physics
2a + 2b + 2c + 2d + 2f + 2g =168
g

P
By Juan Mario Gamarra 16
U=180
2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑓 + 𝑔) = 168
S M 168
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑓 + 𝑔) =
a b c 2
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑓 + 𝑔 = 84
e
d f
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒 + 𝑓 + 𝑔 = 180
g 𝑒 = 180 − (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑓 + 𝑔)
𝑒 = 180 − 84
P
𝑒 = 96

𝑆 ∩ 𝑀 ∩ 𝑃 = 96

By Juan Mario Gamarra 17

 A

C B

By Juan Mario Gamarra 18