LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

INTRODUCTION
 Liquid Crystal Display(LCD) was the first to emerge
as an alternative.
 In a LCD display, the screen consists of a liquid crystal
solution in-between two clear glass panels.
 An electric current passes the crystal to act like a
shutter for incident light.
 This phenomena is used to cause light and dark areas
on the LCD screen which when regulated results in
picture.
LCD TECHNOLOGY:-
 Liquid Crystals.

 In solids, molecules always maintain their orientation

and stay in the same position with respect to each other.
 In liquids, molecules change their orientation and
move anywhere in the liquid.
 The molecules tend to maintain their orientation like in
solids but move around to different locations as in
liquids. These are called as liquid crystals.
Solid vs Liquid Crystal vs Liquid
 LIQUID CRYSTAL TYPE.
 Most liquid crystals have rod shaped molecules and
are classified as Thermotropic, Lyotropic and
metallotropic.
 Thermotropic liquid crystals can be either Isotropic or
nematic.
 While molecules in isotropic liquid crystals are
random in their arrangement but in nematic type these
have a definite order or pattern.
 Their pattern can be changed on application of
magnetic or electric charge across them and this forms
the basis of LCD display.
Isotropic vs Nematic
 CREATING AN LCD.

 The four factors that enable making of LCD panels are:

i. Light can be polarized.

ii. Liquid crystals can transmit and change polarized
light.
iii. The structure of liquid crystals can be changed by
electric current.
iv. Availability of transparent substances that can
conduct electricity.
 Advantages of LCDs
• Physical Size
– Compact and Lightweight
– Space saving
– Can be mounted on a wall or panel
– Available at comparable in screen size
Advantages of LCDs

• Power Consumption and Radiation

Emission
– Does not emit Radiation
– Not subject to Electromagnetic Interference
 Disadvantages of LCDs
• Resolution
• Displays Native Resolutions (Resolution that it
displays best)
• Viewing Angle
• Smaller, needed to be viewed more directly from
the front.
• From the side the images on an LCD screen can
seem to disappear, or invert colors.
• Newer displays that are coming out have a wider
viewing angle so this is not as much of an issue as
it has been in the past.
Disadvantages of LCDs

• Price
– Upfront cost it is more costly but long-term
cost but will conserve energy in the long run.
– The energy savings may not be much for an
individual use, but for a corporate office where
50 displays or more are in use, the energy
savings might be more of an issue.
Disadvantages of LCDs

• Installation
– Need a plug interface to connect to the
computer.
– Some require a special digital plug-interface in
order to work .
– Problem: is that this plug is not available on
most computers, so another video card or
adapter must be purchased to plug these LCD
monitors into the computer.
Disadvantages of LCDs

• Response Time
– It is much slower. The delay can cause a
ghosting effect on images it displays.
Fiber optic
 History of Fiber Optics

John Tyndall demonstration in 1870

Total Internal reflection is the basic idea of fiber optic

 Source and transmitters

• A basic fiber optic communications system

consists of three basic elements:
– Fiber media
– Light sources
– Light detector
 Fiber media
Optical fibers are the actual media that guides the light
There are three types of fiber optic cable commonly used

1. Single Mode

• Diameter of 8.3 to 10 microns., fairly narrow diameter

• Clear signal and result.
• Cost more than multimode.
2. Step-index Multimode fiber

-made of glass fibers.

-diameter in the 50 to 100 micron range
-multiple paths of light can cause signal distortion at the
receiving end, result in unclear or incomplete data transmission.
3. Plastic optic fiber

-POF is strong and very difficult to bend.

-POF is not suitable for long-distance transmission
-POF transmits very little infrared light
-It can used for cold lighting or lighting displays of artwork
 The loss of fiber optic
• Material obsorption
• Material Scattering
• Waveguide scattering
• Fiber bending
• Fiber coupling loss
 A Light Sources

LED (Light emitting diode) ILD (injection laser diode)

A light sources, there are two types used today are LED (light emitting
diode) and ILD (injection laser diode)
-ILD have a higher output potential and coupling efficiency, they are
suited for long distance transmissions.
-LED have a lower bandwidth, or information capacity than ILD
The advantages of fiber optic over wire
cable
• Thinner
• Higher carrying capacity
• Less signal degradation
• Light signal
• Low power
• Flexible
• Non-flammable
• Lightweight
 Disadvantage of fiber optic over
copper wire cable
• Optical fiber is more expensive per meter than
copper
• Optical fiber can not be join together as easily
as copper cable. It requires training and
expensive splicing and measurement
equipment.