Академический Документы
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Patrick MWESIGYE
Uganda Cleaner Production Centre
John MBOGOMA
Independent consultant
1
Background
A desk top review was undertaken to appraise
the current status of environmentally sound
management of wastes in Africa
Informed by:
National reviews in Egypt, Kenya and Zambia
Inputs from ad hoc expert group meeting
Further submissions from waste management experts
Put in context of international commitments under
Agenda 21, JPoI and Multilateral Environmental
Agreements
Undertaken for UNIDO and ECA in close cooperation
with the Africa Roundtable on Sustainable
Consumption and Production
2
Methodology
Review of existing policy and strategy
documents
Analysis of waste generation data where available
Broad coverage
Municipal, industrial, commercial, construction and
demolition, hazardous, medical, radio-active
Consultation of government and other stakeholders
Experience of the National Cleaner Production
Centres
Limitations
No independent data collection or verification
predominantly qualitative picture based on experts’
assessments
3
Regional Gaps/1
Institutional and Organisational
Policy and Planning
No national policies for waste reduction at source
Trust of laws and regulations on collection and disposal of
waste, not on recycling and recovery
Weak enforcement
Stakeholders
Limited involvement of national stakeholders, including
private sector, community, and border controls
Capacity Building, Training and Information
Low human, institutional and financial capacity to develop
and implement integrated waste management at all levels
and all sectors of government, industry and community
Waste management ranked low compared to other
national development goals and overall lacking awareness
4
Regional Gaps/2
Institutional and Organisational/Ctd
Finance and cost recovery
General reluctance to pay for waste collection and disposal
High cost of appropriate equipment/technology for waste collection and
management
Waste Characterisists
Information on types, sources, composition and volumes of various wastes
is incomplete and often outdated
5
Regional Gaps/3
Waste Management Practices
Generation
No incentives for source reduction and segregation
Collection
Efficiency and coverage of collections systems is low (estimated at ~ 40%
in urban areas)
Transportation
Low efficiency due to limited availability of vehicles and lacking
maintenance
High cost for local governments (up to ~30% of local government budget)
Recycling and Recovery
Lacking facilities for organic waste, plastics, etc
Random sorting and recovery by scavengers on streets and at dump sites
Land-filling
Most landfills do not meet basic environmental controls, and uncontrolled
burning is common practice
Increasing demand for land fill space is not met
Cleaner Production
Proven potential to reduce waste generation from businesses and other
organisations
6
Overall Situation
Waste management problems in Africa are varied and
complex, facing infrastructure, technical,
social/economic, organisational/management,
regulatory and legal challenges
Waste is typically disposed off without consideration for
environmental and human health impacts, leading to its
accumulation in cities, towns and uncontrolled
dumpsites
Co-disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste
without segregation is common practice
Municipal Solid Waste Management has been
intractable problem for long time and beyond the
capacity of most municipal and state governments
Improper waste disposal in Africa has resulted in poor
hygiene, lack of access to clean water and sanitation
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Major Trends and Emerging Issues
Poor waste management aggravates the problems of generally low
sanitation levels
Urbanisation is on the rise, and expected to continue, often without
waste management planning and infrastructure
Waste management infrastructure largely non-existent in rural areas
Contributing to high health cost, poverty and urban migration
Gap between waste management policy and legislation is widening
due to ongoing capacity constraints or non existence of suitable
waste management facilities
Requires major investments and access to technical know how, for which means
are far-fetched
Waste generation to increase significantly as result of
industrialisation, urbanisation and modernisation of agriculture
Aggravating E-Waste problem due to growing use of ICT and rapid
turn-over
Increasing complexity of waste as result of changing lifestyle and
consumption patterns in particular of growing urban middle class
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Conclusions/1
Waste Reduction
Prevent and minimise waste and maximise reuse, recycling and use of environmentally sound
alternative materials with participation of government authorities and all stakeholders
10
Conclusions/3
Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEA)
Ratification and implementation of relevant international instruments on
hazardous waste including Bamako Convention, 4th Lome Convention and
Basel Convention and its protocol on liability and compensation for damage
resulting from transboundary movement and disposal of waste
11
Conclusions/4
Illegal Trafficking
Preventing international illegal trafficking of hazardous wastes and to prevent damage
resulting from the trans-boundary movement of hazardous wastes in a manner consistent
with obligations under relevant international instruments
13
Recommendations/1
Waste Reduction
Policy, Planning, Legislation and Enforcement
Policies and strategies need to be strengthened and/or
developed and enforced, addressing all waste streams,
sources and recycling, recovery and disposal options
Stakeholder Participation
Integration and coordination needs to be achieved
among sectors and levels of government and with
stakeholders in private sector and civil society
Cleaner Production
Enhance capacity and create awareness on importance
and benefits of Cleaner Production across Africa
Technologies
Accelerate the development and dissemination of
appropriate technologies and practices for
environmentally sound management of various waste
streams
14
Recommendations/2
Integrated Waste Management
Capacity Building and Training
Improve formal and informal training and learning
Strengthen capacities of responsible agencies
Public Awareness
Boost general awareness on impacts of waste on human
health and environment
Finance and Cost Recovery
Charge for waste collection and encourage private sector
and enable NGOs to initiate new projects
Data and Monitoring
Data on waste quantities and characteristics need to be
improved to enable planning and investment and
independently monitor and evaluate achievements
15
Recommendations/3
Integrated Waste Management/ctd
Best Practices and Technologies
Improve collection and transportation systems for
all waste streams
Encourage waste segregation at source and
develop appropriate recycling systems at
appropriate scales with private sector and civil
society partners
Improve recovery in particular from organic wastes
Ensure adequate treatment of medical wastes
Change over to controlled landfill operations and
avoid co-disposal of medical and hazardous waste
16
Recommendations/4
Multilateral Environmental Agreements
Speed up ratification by all countries
Provide means of implementation, including
financial instruments, in particular for Basel
convention
Finalise agreements
Implementation of Bamako convention
Liability and Compensation Protocol
Complete inventories of hazardous wastes and
contaminated sites
17
Recommendations/5
Illegal Trafficking
Improve trans-border controls and policing
Strengthen controls on imports of used goods
Radio-Active Wastes
Improve exchange of best practice information
Strengthen planning and management
capacities
Create capacity for environmentally sound
management and storage
Identify contaminated sites and develop and
implement remediation strategies
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Implementation Challenges and Constraints
Creation of sufficient capacity for environmentally sound management,
including where appropriate recovery and recycling, of various waste
streams across Africa
Progress is constrained by access to finance and technical know how
Responsibility for waste management has been vested in municipalities
which are ill-equipped.
Creates an impediment for private sector investment in waste management
Effective control over imports is needed to avoid entry of second hand
goods and substandard products that contribute to rise in waste
volumes
Implementation and enforcement of waste regulations and
international conventions is severely constrained by lack of good
governance and transparency
Inadequate or limited awareness and appreciation for best practices
for environmentally sound management of wastes is a major
constraint
Paradigm shift among communities and society at large is needed.
19
Lessons Learned/Best Practices
Involve private sector
Access to managerial and technical know how and
finance
Focus on income generation
Job creation in waste collection, transport, recycling
and recovery
Introduce refuse collection charges
Incentivise good waste management practices
Bolster practical and attitudinal change
Perceptions are changing, but pace is slow and not
yet widespread
Prepare for new challenges
E-waste, radio-active wastes
20
Expectations from Africa
Support for transfer and dissemination of knowledge and
technology and foster investment in best practices for
environmentally sound management of waste
The scale of necessary investment for proper waste management and
sanitation is beyond the capacity of African countries
21
Thank You
PO Box 300,
A 1400 Vienna, Austria
R.VanBerkel@unido.org
www.unido.org/cp
22