GROUNDED THEORY

DESIGNS

- MUHAMMAD HAZIQHAIL BIN AB MUBIN

- MUHAMMAD SHAFIQ BIN RADZUAN
 Systematic
Explains an educational procedure of
process of events, collecting data-
activities, actions that generated
occur. inductively.

A systematic,
qualitative Developed by Glaser
procedure used & Strauss in 1960.
to generate a Published “The
theory. Discovery of
Grounded Theory”
book in 1967.
 TYPES OF GROUNDED
THEORY DESIGNS

THE SYSTEMATIC THE EMERGING THE CONSTRUCTIVIST

DESIGN DESIGN DESIGN
 SYSTEMATIC DESIGN

AXIAL SELECTIVE
OPEN CODING CODING
CODING • Choose the core
phenomenon from
• Writes a theory
from the
• Categories formed based the open coding interrelationships
on data collected from category. categories.
interviews, observations • Drawing a coding
and memos. paradigm.
 • Letting a theory emerge from
the data rather than using
THE EMERGING specific preset categories.
DESIGN

• Focused on individuals
THE attributes such as participant’s
CONSTRUCTIVIST thoughts ,feelings ,viewpoint
rather than gathering facts
DESIGN and describing acts.
Characteristics of Grounded Theory
Creswell (2012) has listed 6 major:

• Process Approach
• Theoretical Sampling
• Constant Comparative Data Analysis
• A Core Category
• Theory generation
• Memos
Characteristics of Grounded Theory
 Proses Approach

• A series of interactions and outcomes among a group of

people regarding the studied phenomenon.
• Examples of the phenomenon:
 AIDS prevention
 How the first year teaching life of a new teacher
 The leadership of a school principal
Characteristics of Grounded Theory
 Theoretical Sampling

• Theoretical sampling refers to the on-going process of

coding the data, comparing the data, and grouping similar
data to build categories and core categories.
• The purpose of theoretical sampling is to systematically
direct the grounded theorists to choose the most important
data for the studied phenomenon.
• Theoretical sampling can be stopped when theoretical
saturation is achieved.
Characteristics of Grounded Theory
 Theoretical Sampling

• Theoretical saturation can be identified through three

parameters:
 No new data is distilled from a certain category.
 The category could sufficiently cover salient variations
and process.
 The interrelationships between categories have been
delineated appropriately.
 Characteristics of Grounded Theory
 Constant Comparative Data Analysis

• The process of comparing like with like, to trace out the

emerging pattern and theory.
• The constant comparative method as the ‘core category’ of a
grounded theory design because all the collected data are
compared constantly to find out their commonalities and
variations.
• It involves indicators to indicators, codes to codes, and
categories to categories.
 Characteristics of Grounded Theory
 A Core Category

• A grounded theorist should choose a core category that is

able to explain the rooted theory as a whole.
• Several criteria for choosing the core category have been
pointed out by Strauss (1987):
 It must be central
 It must be appear frequently in the data
 There is no forcing of data
Characteristics of Grounded Theory
 The name or phrase used to describe the central
category should be sufficiently abstract.
 Concept is refined
 When conditions is vary, the explanations still holds.
 Characteristics of Grounded Theory
 Theory generation

• The outcome of grounded theory research is to construct

a theory that explains a studied phenomenon from the
collected data.
• further pointed out that the resultant theory can be
presented in three forms:
 as a visual coding paradigm.
 a series or hypothesis.
 a narrative story.
 Characteristics of Grounded Theory
 Memos

• Memos are note the researcher writes throughout the

research process to elaborate on ideas about the data and
the coded categories.
• Memos help direct the inquirer toward new sources of data,
shape which ideas to develop further, and prevent paralysis
from mountains of data.
The Steps In Conducting Grounded
Theory
1. Decide whether a Grounded Theory Design Suits the Research
Problem.

• Grounded theory is applicable to generate a new theory.

• Grounded theory also appropriate for sensitive topics or
when participants request to protect their privacy.
The Steps In Conducting Grounded
Theory
2. Identify a Process to Study

• Researchers need to recognize a tentative process in the

early stage.
• The tentative process, however, is changeable during the
research.
• The tentative process should follow from the nature of the
research problems and questions that needed to be
resolved by the researchers.
The Steps In Conducting Grounded
Theory
3. Seek Approval and Access

• Grounded theory research also requires researchers to get the

agreement from the interested institutions and interviewees to
seek the approval to collect data.
• A novice grounded theorist not only learns how to conduct
grounded theory research, but also learns how to manage the
ethical issues.
The Steps In Conducting Grounded
Theory
4. Theoretical Sampling

• It requests researchers keep returning to the original data

sources to attain in-depth data.
• The researchers need to collect data continuously until the
developed categories are saturated.
• The purpose of theoretical sampling is not to increase the
generalizability of the study, but to develop the emerging
theory.
The Steps In Conducting Grounded
Theory
5. Code the Data

• Data coding process aims to guide researchers to determine

what data to collect next.
• Compare the collected data.
The Steps In Conducting Grounded
Theory
6. Use Selective Coding and Develop the Theory

• A grounded theorist needs to triangulate and delineate the

relationships between categories in the coding paradigm
logically.
• Refines the developed axial coding paradigm and presents it
as a conceptual model or a theory of the studied
phenomenon.
The Steps In Conducting Grounded
Theory
7. Validate the Emerging Theory

• To generate an understandable theory to the public.

• After forming a theory, the researcher is required to validate
the theory by comparing it with extant theories that found in
the current available literature.
The Steps In Conducting Grounded
Theory
8. Write a Grounded Theory Report

• The grounded theory report is more systematic as compared to

other qualitative research, for examples ethnography and
narrative research.
• The structures of a grounded theory research should be more
scientific.
• Besides, the problem statement, methods, discussion, and
findings should be included as well.
 GROUNDED THEORY EVALUATION

Makes explicit the process

Develops a theory that is grounded in the view

of the participants

Provides evidence of using memoing and

sampling.

Present a visual model of the theory.