PHASOR MEASUREMENT

UNITS (PMUs)-
Transforming Power Systems

BHUPATI BHUPENDRA SHAH

Roll Number : 152209
Reg. no-921513
4/4 Bachelor Of Technology
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 INDEX
• Motivation to PMU
• Introduction to PMU
• Applications of PMU
• Example of PMU application-2003
Blackout
-2012 Indian
blackouts
Motivation to PMU
JUST A FACT !
A blackout in The
United States of
America and Canada
in 2003 led to
advancements in
PMU technology
Power System Paradigm
Traditional Measuring and Monitoring

SCADA- Supervisory Control And Data

Acquisition
EMS-Energy Management System
Need for new measurement and
monitoring units
 Update rate much higher than “once in 4-6 seconds” is
required to capture power system dynamics, which is
essential for analyzing disturbance and post disturbance
scenarios and taking fast control actions.
 Time Synchronized wide area system data is required to
have an accurate view of power system.
 BusVoltage angles data is required to estimate Stress on
power system.

If High power flows through the transmission system, V1 and V2 being constant,
angular difference between the two bus bars is more. Hence stress on power system
is indicated by bus voltage angles.
Angle Deviation on 14th aug 2003
 SYNCHRO-PHASOR
(OR)
PHASOR MEASUREMENT
UNITS
 What is a PMU?
A device that produces synchronized
phasor, frequency and rate of change
of frequency estimates from the
voltage and current signals and a time
synchronizing signal.
What is inside PMU and what can it
measure ?

1.Voltage
2.Current
3.Frequency
4.Rate of change
of frequency
5.Phase angle
6.CB Status
Comparison of SCADA and Synchrophasor Technologies

SCADA Synchrophasor/PMU

[i] Universal time synchronisation is not [i] Universal time

available synchronisation is available

[ii] Phasor angles cannot be estimated [ii] Phasor angles can be estimated
locally locally

[iii] Reporting rate ~once in 4-6 seconds [iii] Reporting rate ~

10/12/15/20/30/60 frames per
second
APPLICATIONs OF PMUs
 Synchrophasor
technologies

Offline Applications Online Applications

1. Model validation 1. Wide Area Monitoring

2. Post Disturbance 2. Frequency stability
Analysis 3. Voltage stability
4. Oscillation monitoring

Better Monitoring  Better control

 OFFLINE APPLICATIONS
1. Model validation :
• Power system is modeled in the form of mathematical equations.
• Good model requires accurate measurements.
• SCADA data cannot capture dynamics of the system. Hence incorrect models.
2. Post Disturbance Analysis :
All the data in time synchronized manner can help in recreating the situation
leading to disturbances in power system.
 ONLINE APPLICATIONS
1.Wide Area Monitoring:
PMUs collect time synchronized data from geographically apart locations making wide
.
area monitoring

2. Oscillation Monitoring :
Early detection of poorly damped modes is possible.
Local and inter area oscillations can be damped by triggering proper control circuits.

3. Frequency Stability Monitoring:

Power system frequency key indicator of balance between generation and demand.
Early detection of frequency deviation can help to take quick control actions

4. Voltage stability Monitoring :

Voltage magnitude is not always a good indicator of stress. Voltage phasor is better indication of
system stress
 THE FAMOUS 2003 BLACKOUT

On August 14, 2003, large portions of the Midwest and

Northeast United States and Ontario, Canada, experienced an
electric power blackout. The outage affected an area with an
estimated 70 million people and 61,800 megawatts (MW) of
electric load in the states of Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania,
New York, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New
Jersey and the Canadian province of Ontario. The blackout
began at 4:10 pm Eastern Daylight Time (16:10 EDT), and
power was not restored for 4 days in some parts of the
United States. Parts of Ontario suffered rolling blackouts
for more than a week before full power was restored.
Fig (i): New York City during the Blackout Fig (ii): Satellite
images 20 hours before
and 7 hours after the
blackout respectively
 What Happened ?
A software bug known as a race condition existed
in General Electric Energy's Unix based XA/21 energy
management system. Once triggered the bug stalled
FirstEnergy's control room alarm system for over an hour.
System operators were unaware of the malfunction. The
failure deprived them of both audio and visual alerts for
important changes in system state
 August 14, 2003 was a hot day and use of air conditioners
was rampant that day, because of which heavy current was
being drawn in the transmission lines.
“The conductor material (copper, aluminum, whatever)
expands when heated. When the temperature increases,
the length of the power line between two towers increases
due to thermal expansion, and the line sags because of the
increased slack.”
 A lack of alarm left operators unaware of the need to re-
distribute power after overloaded transmission lines and thus
the famous blackout started
 It was found that excessive stress on the lines led to greater
voltage angle separation (~ 100 degrees). If angle would have
been monitored properly using PMU, proper control
actions could have been taken.
 The trip caused load to transfer to other transmission lines,
which were not able to bear the load, tripping their relays.
Once these multiple trips occurred, multiple generators
suddenly lost parts of their loads, so they accelerated out of
phase with the grid at different rates, and tripped out.
 2012 India Blackouts
• Two severe blackouts affected us on two
consecutive days.
• 30th July-> affected 300 million people
->biggest outage beating the tragedy
of 2001 in northern states(230million
affected).
->Due to tripping of CB of 400kv Agra-
Bina-Gwalior line
->at 02:35 IST
• 31st July- Biggest power outage ever in history
-affected 600 million people (nearly
half of Indian & 9% of world population)
-over 22 of 28 states were without
power.
-38% gen capacity stopped
-at 13:02 IST
-due to relay problem near the TAJ MAHAL
• Around 32GW of capacity went offline(nearly 200
GW capacity in total)
NR-WR Report(30th July 2012)
PMUs in India
Location existing PMUs in India(2012)
 REFERENCES
[1] Om P. Dahal, Sukumar M. Brahma, Huiping Cao.
“Comprehensive Clustering of Disturbance Events Recorded by Phasor
Measurement Units”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL.
29, ISSUE 3, OCTOBER 2013.

[2] Jaime De La Ree, Virgilio Centeno, James S. Thorp,A. G. Phadke.”Synchronized

Phasor Measurement Applications in Power Systems”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
SMART GRID, VOL. 1, NO. 1, JUNE 2010

[3] “Final Report on August 14,2003 Blackout in the United States of America and
Canada : Causes and Recommendation”. US - Canada power system Outage Task
force, April 2004.

[4 Helen Pidd (31 July 2012). "India blackouts leave 700 million without power". The
Guardian. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
 References
5] V. K. Agrawal, P.K. Agarwal, R. K. Porwal, R. Kumar, Vivek Pandey,
T. Muthukumar, Suruchi Jain; “Operational Experience of the First
Synchrophasor Pilot Project in Northern India”, CIGRE / CBIP- 5th
International Conference on Power System Protection and Automation,
December 6-9, 2010
6] Report on “Synchrophasor Initiatives in India” prepared and published
by Power System Operation Corporation Lt, New Delhi, India in June
2012.
7] ‘consists of well over 1700 PMU to be installed’ http://www.ieee-
pes.org/presentations/gm2014/PESGM2014P-002691.pdf
THANK YOU