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Emotional Development
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
personal significance of
situations
Energizes behavior;
prepares for action
Embarrassment
Guilt
Envy
Pride
Emerge middle of second
year
Need adult instruction about
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when to feel them
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Development of
Emotional Self-Regulation
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Monsters
Ghosts
Darkness
Preschool/child care
Animals
Coping Coping
Used when Used if problem-
situation is seen as centered coping
changeable does not work
Identify the difficulty. Situation seen as
Decide what to do unchangeable
about it. Internal private
control of distress
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Acquiring Emotional
Display Rules
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
emotional reaction to
appraise an uncertain
situation
Caregiver’s role important
Toddlers progress from just © Stephanie Swartz | Dreamstime.com
reacting.
Helps evaluate safety and security
Guides actions
Aids in gathering information about others
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cognitive Development and
Emotional Understanding
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Caregivers:
Teach about
emotions
Scaffold emotional
thought
© Dpyancy | Dreamstime.com Siblings and friends:
Negotiate
Act out emotions in
play
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sympathy and Empathy
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Sympathy Empathy
Feeling of concern Feeling same or
or sorrow for similar emotions as
another’s plight another person
Complex mix of
cognition and affect
Must detect
emotions, take
other’s perspective
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Development of Empathy
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
years
Adolescence: can empathize with general
life conditions
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Individual Differences
in Empathy
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Temperament
Moderately heritable
Social, assertive, good at emotional regulation leads
to high empathy
Aggressive children may show decline in middle
childhood.
Parenting
Warm, sensitive, empathic parents lead to high
empathy.
Help children learn to regulate negative emotions.
Easy – 40%
Difficult – 10%
Slow-to-warm-up – 15%
Unclassified – 35%
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1. Preattachment
2. “Attachment-in-the-making”
3. “Clear-cut” attachment
Separation anxiety
4. Formation of a reciprocal relationship
Secure – 60%
Avoidant – 15%
Resistant – 10%
Disorganized/disoriented
– 15%
Attachment Q-Sort
Home observation
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Figure 10.5
Adapted from Sagi et al., 1995; van IJzendoorn & Kroonenberg, 1988;
van IJzendoorn & Sagi-Schwartz, 2008.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Factors That Affect
Attachment Security
Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Fathers
Grandparents
Siblings
Professional caregivers
mothers as caregivers in
many cultures
Important factors in
attachment:
Sensitivity
Warmth
Family attitudes,
relationships © Jennifer Hogan | Dreamstime.com
Preschool
Middle childhood
Adolescence and young
adulthood
Continuity of caregiving
may link infant attachment © Barbara Reddoch | Dreamstime.com