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11/17/2018 1
Food Security
World Food program
• People are considered food secure when they have
availability and adequate access at all times to
sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and
active life.
• Food security analysts look at the combination of the
following three main elements:
• Food availability
• Food access
• Food utilization
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Food safety and Feed safety
• Food safety is a scientific discipline describing handling,
preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent
food-borne illness.
• Foodborne illnesses are usually infectious or toxic in
nature and
• Caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or chemical
substances entering the body through contaminated food
or water.
• Resistance to antibiotics is also a food safety problem
• Tackling antimicrobial resistance from a food safety
perspective
• Feed safety- While food related with human intake, feed
are with animals; safe and nutritious feed is basic welfare
requirement even for animals.
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The livestock industry of 21st century
• Industrialization and urbanization influenced
• Cost of animal have increased.
• High productive animals
• High selection pressure for favorable gene - Industry with
animals with less genetic diversity
• Intensive production system with artificial environments
• Various supplements to meet the high production demand
• Various environmental management strategies.
• Increasing production and productivity of animals
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Approaches to food Safety- VS
• The concept of the food production continuum
• Meat inspection
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OIE Terrestrial Health Code Chapter 6.1 7
World Organization of Animal
Health (OIE) - Role
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AMR- A global issue
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AMR issues
• use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine
creates the conditions that allow resistant strains of
bacteria to prosper.
• a major driver for development of resistance is the fact
that in developing countries the drugs available may be
of poor quality (Guillemot, 1999 – Antibiotic use in humans and
bacterial resistance)
• While some agents that are used in livestock belong to
classes that have no counterpart in human medicine, this
is not the case for the most widely used agents: the
tetracyclines, penicillins, macrolides and sulphonamides.
• AMR issues- not only the food but also the environmental
contamination by excreted antibiotics
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AMR and livestock industry
• Antimicrobial resistance is a complex
phenomenon, especially in veterinary medicine,
• It is because of
• the number of animal species,
• the diversity of rearing environments, the differences
in the bacteria involved,
• the range of pathogenicity mechanisms and
• the complex epidemiology.
• A number of antimicrobials are available for use
in food producing animals and the mechanisms of
resistance are very diverse.
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Some mischievous myths
Among the many misconceptions about the role of
antibiotics in livestock are the allegations that:
• Antibiotics are only given to boost growth
• Antibiotics are only used to cover up poor husbandry
• Farm animals are a major source of human-resistant
infections
• Resistance is easily transmitted from animals to humans
• Critically important antibiotics are used routinely in
livestock
• Antibiotic residues are often found in food
• Organic producers don’t use antibiotics
Susceptible Pathogen
Antimicrobial-Resistant
Pathogen Pathogen
Prevent Prevent
Transmission Infection
Infection
Antimicrobial
Resistance
Effective
Optimize Use Diagnosis
& Treatment
Antimicrobial Use
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The Tripartite Agreement
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The Codex Alimentarius
• The Codex Alimentarius, or "Food Code" is a collection of
standards, guidelines and codes of practice adopted by
the Codex Alimentarius Commission.
• The Commission, also known as CAC, is the central part of
the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme
• It and was established by FAO and WHO to protect
consumer health and promote fair practices in food trade.
• Codex texts on veterinary drugs and their residues,
food hygiene, animal feed, also contribute to tackle AMR
by preventing the development and minimizing the
transmission of AMR through the food chain.
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OIE codes and manuals relating
to AMR
OIE Terrestrial Health Code
Chapter 6- Public Health
• Chapter 6.6. - Introduction to the recommendations for
controlling antimicrobial resistance
• Chapter 6.7. - Harmonisation of national antimicrobial
resistance surveillance and monitoring programmes
• Chapter 6.8. - Monitoring of the quantities and usage
patterns of antimicrobial agents used in food-producing
animals
• Chapter 6.9. - Responsible and prudent use of
antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine
• Chapter 6.10. - Risk analysis for antimicrobial resistance
arising from the use of antimicrobial agents in animals
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DLS standards related to food
safety
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DLS Standards and food safety
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Antibiotic Sensitivity- general
Veterinary Public Health Office (VPHO) and Veterinary Standards and Drug
Administration Office (VSDAO) in drug residue testing including antimicrobial residues
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The crucial thing to understand
• Food safety- farm to fork concept; safe feed leads to safe food
• food safety identifies measures to minimize and prevent and
the entry of hazards at the early stages of the production chain,
including the primary production.
• The Veterinary Services of the country is key element in
various food safety issue as well Antimicrobial resistance issue.
• Collaborative efforts of all related stakeholders can only
safeguard the food safety issue including the global issue AMR.
• Political commitment, good governance, and relevant capacity
across sectors.
• Human and animal health sectors working together to align
policies, strategies and activities for collaborative effort.
• Collaboration with other stakeholders in the private and public
sectors.
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Multi-sectorial Approach
Veterinary
(DLS/CVL)
Human Food
health Sector
(NPHL) One
One (DFTQC)
Heal
Health
th
Agriculture Medicine
sector (DDA)
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11/17/2018 We all have a role to play 31
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