Variable and hypotheses

Laili Rahayuwati
What is variable?
 Variable is variability of value
e.g. health : weight, nutrition, etc
Kind of variable
1. Descrete/categorical variable:  p
perhitungan  dichotomus, polytomus
ex: sex, occupation, religion, education
2. Continuous variable  pengukuran
 ordinal to ratio
ex: age, salary, prevalence
Variable could be transform appropriate as
the theoretical of science
Operational definition
 Concept, construct and variable should be
operationalised
 Indicate how to measure of variable
 Indicate specific measurement of the research
i.e: score, index, level
 Attribute: indicator of variable: male, female;
lower income, high income, etc mutually
exclusive
Type of variable
 Independent
 Dependent
 It will correlate by symmetry, causal,
asymmetry.
 It will effect by suppressor/confounding
variable, disorder variable,
intervening//unique/moderator variable,
antecedent variable
Hypotheses
 Concept  variable  proposition
theory
hypotheses
 Theory: serangkaian konsep, definisi, dan
proposisi yang saling berkaitan dan bertujuan
untuk memberikan gambaranyang sistematis
dengan menghubungkan variabel
Hypotheses
 An instrument from theory or poposition
 Should be specific  could be tested

e.g. : effect of quality of time to productivity

 Statements that mention relationship of two or
more variables
Hypotheses
 Some sciences need more than two variables
association  multivariate
Criteria of Hypotheses
 Indicate the association between 2 variables
or among more than 2 variables
 Indicate type of relationship : positive or
negative
 Indicate how to test analysis
 Indicate how to measure
Hypotheses requirements
 Relevance: to empirical/ factual condition
 Testability: observable and measurable
 Compatibility: Consistency and systematic
 Predictive: to the future
 Simplicity: simple, understanding, feasible
Sources of hypotheses
 Practical experience
 Theory
 Literature review
 Proposition
 Empirical fact/analog
 Imagination
 Wild guest
Type of Hypotheses
Research hypotheses could be:
 Alternative hypotheses (H1, Ha, Hkerja)

 Statistic hypotheses (Ho) as arbitrary

comparison to alternative hypotheses
 Ho will be tested (accepted or rejected)

 The big false!: try to fit observation with

hypotheses. Hypotheses rejected has value
Error Type (Tipe Kesalahan)
Keputusan
Tidak Menolak Menolak Ho
Ho Benar Ho
Keputusan yang Kesalahan Tipe I
Kebenaran Benar (alpha)
Kesalahan Tipe Keputusan yang
Ho Salah
II (beta) benar