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Introduction to Database
Lecture 01:
Database Terminology
Learning Objectives
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To know about:
 Data
 Information
 Knowledge
 Wisdom
 Process
 System
 Database
 SQL
Data
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 Raw facts and figures
that on their own have
no meaning
 Can be any alphanumeric
characters i.e. text,
numbers, symbols etc.
 Consider the data sets
given below:
1. Yes, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes,
No, Yes
2. 42, 63, 96, 74, 56, 86
3. 111192, 111234
 None of the above data
sets have any meaning
until they are given a
context and processed
into a useable form
Types of Data
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Data Represented by

Alphanumeric data Numbers, letters, and other characters

Image data Graphic images or pictures

Audio data Sound, noise, tones

Video data Moving images or pictures

Information
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 Data that has been processed within a context to

give it meaning
 Data that has been processed into a form that gives it
meaning
Example 1
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Yes, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes,

Raw Data No, Yes, No, Yes, Yes

Responses to the market

research question – “Would
Context you buy brand x at price y?”

Processing
We could add up the yes and no responses
and calculate the percentage of customers
Information who would buy product X at price Y. The
information could be presented as a chart to
make it easier to understand.
Example 2
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Raw Data 42, 63, 96, 74, 56, 86

Jayne’s scores in the six

Context AS/A2 ICT modules

Processing
Adding Jayne’s scores would give us a mark
out of 600 that could then be converted to an
Information A level grade. Alternatively we could convert
the individual module results into grades.
Example 3
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111192, 111234
Raw Data

The previous and current

Context readings of a customer’s
gas meter
Processing
By subtracting the second value from the first
we can work out how many units of gas the
Information consumer has used. This can then be
multiplied by the price per unit to determine
the customer’s gas bill.
Data and Information
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Data Information
 raw facts  data with context
 no context  processed data
 just numbers and text  value-added to data(
summarized, organized
and analyzed)
Data and Information
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 Data: 51007
 Information:
 5/10/07 The date of your final exam.

 $51,007 The average starting salary of an accounting major.

 51007 Zip code of Bronson Iowa.

Characteristics of Valuable Information
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• Accurate • Relevant
• Complete • Simple
• Economical • Timely
• Flexible • Verifiable
• Reliable • Accessible
• Secure
Knowledge
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• An awareness and understanding of a set of

information and how that information can be
made useful to support a specific task
• The understanding of rules needed to interpret
information
• The capability of understanding the relationship
between pieces of information and what to
actually do with the information
Knowledge Examples
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 Using the 3 previous examples:

 A Marketing Manager could use this information to decide whether or not to
raise or lower price “Y” (see slide no. 6)

 Jayne’s teacher could analyse the results to determine whether it would be

worth her re-sitting a module (see slide no. 7)

 Looking at the pattern of the customer’s previous gas bills may identify that
the figure is abnormally low and they are fiddling the gas meter!!! (see slide
no. 8)
Wisdom
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• The process by which we judge between good

and bad
• Beckons to give understanding about which
there has previously been no understanding
• Evaluated understanding
• Essence of philosophical probing
The Knowledge Pyramid
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WISDOM

KNOWLEDGE

INFORMATION

DATA
Knowledge Base and Process
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• Knowledge base: The • Process: A set of logically
collection of data, rules, related tasks performed to
procedures, and achieve a defined outcome
relationships that must be
followed to achieve value
or the proper outcome
System and System Elements
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 System  System Elements
 A set of elements or o Inputs
components that interact o Processing mechanisms
to accomplish goals o Outputs
 A combination of
components working
together
System Example
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Elements
System Goal
Processing
Inputs Outputs
elements

Actors, director, Filming, Finished film Entertaining

staff, sets, editing, delivered to movie, film
equipment special movie studio awards,
Movie effects, profits
distribution
Database
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 Database->A structured set of data held in a

computer especially one that is accessible in various
ways.
 Inside a database, data is stored into tables.
Oracle Database
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 A Relational Database Management System

(RDBMS) produced and marketed by Oracle
Corporation.
 Oracle 10g
 Database Schema Scott
 Tables: DEPT, EMP, BONUS and SALGRADE
SQL
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 SQL stands for Structured Query Language

 SQL is used to communicate with a database
 According to American National Standard Institute
(ANSI), it is standard language for Relational
Database Management System (RDBMS)
 SQL can execute queries against a Database.
 Synonyms of query-> ask,question,inquire etc.
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