BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS AND

WAVE FORMS
 components
• Electronics components control the flow of electrical currents for the purpose of
information processing and system control. Electronic components are usually small
and can be grouped together into packages called integrated circuit
• Generally there are only five components used in a circuit. Three Passive and three
active.
• component
•
•
•
•
Passive components active components
•
•
•
Resister capacitor Inductor Junction transformer
• Diodes Special
• (Air core) Device
•
• (Iron core)
 Passive components
• Passive components are not capable of amplifying or processing an
electrical signal. Resister, capacitor and Inductor are passive components.
• Resister: The flow of charge through any materials encounters an
opposing force .The ‘opposing force’ is called the resistance of the
materials. Unit is ohms. Resistance may be fixed and variable. Fixed
resister are 1) carbon
• 2) Paper film
• 3 ) wire wound etc
• Variable resistors are rheostats. The smaller variable resistor commonly
used in electronic circuit called potentiometer or ‘pots’
• Capacitance: A capacitor meant to store energy and release them whenever
desired. Unit is Farad .It offer low impedance to AC and high impedance to DC .In
this role, the capacitor is called coupling capacitor or a blocking capacitor. It is also
used as a bypass capacitor.
• Capacitor are many types 1/ mica 2/paper 3/ electrolyte
• 4/ ceramic 5/variable
• Inductor: When current flows through a wire that has been coiled, it generates a
magnetic field. This magnetic field reacts so as to oppose any change in the
current .This reaction of the magnetic field trying to keep the current flowing at a
steady rate is known as inductance and the force if develops is called an induced
emf.
• The electronic component producing inductance s called an inductor. Unit is
Henrys (H)
• Different types of inductors are…..
• 1) Filter chokes
• 2) Audio-frequency choke
 Active component
• These components are capable of amplifying or processing the electrical
signal.
• The following gives a brief information about commonly used active
components.
• 1)Diodes
• P-N junction diode
• Zener diode
• Varactor diode
• Schottky diode
• Tunnel diode
• Light Emitting diode(LED)
• Transistor:
• Bi polar Transistor(BJT)….NPN & NPN Type
• Field Effect Transistor(FET)…JFET & MOSFET
• MOSFET are two type…EN MOSFET(N &P channel type)
• DE MOSFET(N&P channel type)
• Special device:
• Uni junction Transistor(UJT)
• Silicon Control rectifier(SCR)
• Photo transistor
•
 Wave formes
• A wave forms is a representation of how alternating current(AC) varies
with time.The most familiar AC waveform is the sine wave which derives
its name from the fact that the current or voltage varies with the sine of
the elapse time.Other common AC waveforms are the square wave, the
ramp,the sawtooth wave and the triangular wave.Their general shapes are
shown below.
• Square or sawtooth waves are produced by certain type of electronic
oscillators. Some AC waveforms are irregular or complicated. Irregular AC
waves are produced by audio amplifiers that deal with analog device
signal. The sine wave is unique in that it represent energy entirety
concentrated at a single frequency.An ideal unmodulated wireless signal
has a sine waveform,with a frequency usually measured in
megahertz(MHZ) or gigahertz(GHZ).House hold utility current has a sine
waveform with a frequency of 60HZ in most countries including the united
states, although in some countries it is 50HZ.
thank you