• Growth and development starts with

physiologic processes

• Build the stamina in which to depend

later on as older persons
• GROWTH increase in
physical size of a whole or
any of its parts
Manifested: length, weight,
width of the body
•DEVELOPMENT 
continuous, orderly
series of conditions that
lead to activities, new
motives for activities,
and eventual patterns
of behavior and
actuation of the person
• PATTERNS OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT are the variety of
indications of growth and development
that each individual displays from
childhood to adulthood
• Each child displays definite patterns of
growth and development (universal and
basic to all human beings)
• Individual differences show up in rates
of growth variation
• Ex. Some grow faster while others lag at
certain developmental age
• CEPHALOCAUDAL
DEVELOPMENT
 Process by which
development proceeds head
downward through the body,
towards the feet
• PROXIMODISTAL
DEVELOPMENT

• process by which
development proceeds from
the center of the body
outward to the extremities
• DIFFERENTIATION
•  development from simple
operations to more complex
activities and functions
• Follows sequential order in each
stages
• Each stage is affected by a
preceding stage and affects the
stages that follow
CRITICAL PERIOD

• time period in which the child

is especially responsive to certain
environmental effects

• Positive or negative stimuli either

enhance or deter the
achievement of a skill or function
• ANTICIPATORY GUIDANCE
•  process of understanding
the upcoming developmental
needs of the person from
childhood to older years

• including caregivers to meet

those needs
• When does aging start?
Does it start when wrinkles
begin to appear? Or when
one reaches the age of
60? Or right from the start
of life?
• Germinal period of life (conception to 2
weeks)
.care must be given to the
mother as something pleasant
and fulfillment, nutrition and
adequate rests is necessary
• Embryonic period of life ( 2-8 weeks)
Building the structure of the cerebral system, sentiments
and feelings of the mother are
transmitted to the growing uterus,
acquisition is directly gotten form the mother
• Fetal period of life (8-40 weeks)
Nutrition ,rests and relaxed frame of mind
of the mother are important factors leading to good
acquisition of the child and genes are inherited

• At birth
Baby continuous to acquire whatever mother feels
If labor before birth is long child later on in life suffers anxiety
and frets over ordinary things
• It is during puberty and
adolescence that anticipatory
guidance is very important
curiosity stages

• Parents and caregivers should

know what to expect in each
developmental stage
• 1. health habits
• 2. prevention of illness and injury
• 3. prevention of poisoning and accidents
• 4. nutrition
• 5. dental care
• 6. sexuality
There is also a need for health promotional
guidance to help them enhance social
development, family,
community, school and
vocational achievement
• REMEMBER: NO TWO INDIVIDUAL AGE THE SAME
WAY OR THE SAME RATE
• 1. GENETICS inherited unique genes linked to specific
disorders
• 2. Nutrition greatest influence on physical growth and
intellectual development
• 3.Prenatal and environmental factors begins in uteru:
nutrition, exposure to
alcohol, cigarette smoke, infection
and etc. Influences the
growth and development of the
child
•
• 4. Family and community support
services influence the
environmental process of
growth and development

• 5. Cultural factors customs,

traditions, attitudes influences
physical health, social interaction and
assumed roles
PHYSIOLOGIC
CHANGES IN
AGING
» 3 classifications of age:
» Chronological age
» Physiologic age
» Psychological age

» THESE ASPECTS OF AGING DO

NOT USUALLY GO TOGETHER
» Individual age at extremely different rates,
one person organs systems shows different
rates of decline; based on the National
Institute of aging 1991.

» 1. HEART grows larger with age

» 2. Lungs maximum breathing capacity
declines by 40% between ages 20 and 70
» 3. Brain with age: losses some cells
(neurons and others become damaged

» 4. Kidneys gradually less efficient at

extracting waste form the blood;
bladder capacity declines; urinary
incontinence may occur

» 5. Body fat does not lose fat with

age but redistributes form just under
the skin to deeper parts of the body; in
female( lower body eg hips and thighs)
in men (abdominal area)
» 6. muscles without exercise ,
estimated muscle mass
declines 22% for women
and 23% for men (ages 30-70)

» 7. Sight  difficulty focusing

close up may begin at
40.From 50 years old and
onwards increase
susceptibility to glare and
difficulty seeing at low levels
of illumination
» 8. hearing difficult to hear higher
frequencies with age; declines
more quickly in men that in
women

» 9. skin dryness, roughness,

wrinkling and etc.

» 10. Hair grays in 50% of persons

by age 50 due to loss of
melanocytes; hairloss : vertex
and frontotemporal regions
 » 11. Personality sudden
change in personality
sometimes suggests
disease process

PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES ARE

GRADUAL,INCREMENTAL AND
CUMULATIVE
Zcmiraflores,rn,mn
•Man is a
psychosocial being
that is able to
rationalize, act
according to
reason and
become sensitive
to what is right
and what is wrong
Aging years and psychosocial
development benefits
• Aging years can be
regarded as POSITIVE or
NEGATIVE depending on
how much regarding of
how much of the
psychosocial component of
the person has developed
For the older person to progress they
must meet the following challenges:
• Adjusting to:
• a. declining health and physical
strength
• b. death of a spouse or family members
• c. retirement and reduce income
• d. living arrangement different from
what they are accustomed to
• e. pleasures of aging (e.g. Increased
leisure and time to be with
grandchildren)
SOCIAL ASPECTS OF AGING
• IMPORTANCE OF social aspects of
aging:
• People communicate with
one another all the time
not only with words but
through various other
means as well
Aging years and social aspects
of life
•ALONENESS

CONTEMPORARY of the older

person have already have died
or migrated elsewhere

Friendships established
through the years are now
gone
• HALLMARK OF A SOCIALLY
developed person:

OLD AGE
can never
• IS THE ABILITY TO mean
ESTABLISHED GOOD boredom
RELATIONSHIPS AND TO ,not an
MAINTAIN THOSE occasion
RELATIONSHIPS THROUGH for
THE YEARS depression
or despair
Planning sociocultural activities
• Caregivers need to know the
importance of social aspects of
life because all care plans and
care programs have taken into
considerations:

• .relationships
• connections
• communications
• Graceful aging means
accepting the reality of the
aging process, and
preparing for its arrival

• Ex. Retirement- so that it

will not offer setbacks
to the retiree
In a study done by Kuan
(1985)
• Retirement and role
discontinuity should be
prepared well found
to be the ones that
found meaning in life
and continued to live
without pains and
depression