Gautam Jayasurya

Roll no: 339

Cyber-space: A floating electronic environment which is

accessible internationally.
 Right to privacy (Art 21)
 Secret information appropriation and data
theft.
 Demolition of e-governance base.
 Distributed denial of services attack – Infecting
local systems – manipulating illegal network
traffic to block all governmental services.
 Network damage and disruptions
 System hacking
 Information theft
 E-mail bombing: Crashing servers
 Data diddling: altering raw data
 Salami attacks: Minor alterations. E.g.. Ziegler
case (logic bomb)
 Virus/worm attacks
 Trojan attacks
 Protection under the Constitution of India
1. Any anti-terrorism law which satisfies the rigorous tests of the
Constitutional validity, then its applicability and validity cannot be
challenge and it becomes absolutely binding.
 Protection under other statutes
1. Protection under the Indian Penal Code (I.P.C), 1860.
 R.K. Dalmia v Delhi Administration AIR 1962 SC 1821 – Wider
interpretation of the term ‘property’.
2. Protection under the Information Technology Act (ITA), 2000,
inspired from United Nation Commission of International Trade
Law.
 The Council of Europe Convention on Cyber Crime, 2004
 Threatening the unity, integrity and security or sovereignty of
India or strike terror in people.
 Denial of access to any authorised personal to a computer
resource.
 Attempting to penetrate a computer resource without
authorisation.
 Introducing or causing to introduce any computer contaminant
which has an adverse effect.
 Attempting to obtain restricted data likely to cause injury to
the interest of the state.
 If proved, imprisonment for life shall be awarded to the
terrorist.
 Tampering computer source documents.         Section 65
 Hacking with Computer System Data alteration      Section 66
 Punishment for sending offensive messages through communication service etc. 
Section 66A
 Punishment for dishonestly receiving stolen computer resource or
 communication device                                      Section 66B
 Punishment for identity theft                             Section 66C
 Punishment for cheating using computer resource       Section 66D
 Punishment for violation of privacy                  Section 66E
 Punishment for cyber terrorism                        Section 66F
 Publishing obscene information                       Section 67
 Punishment for publishing or transmitting of material containing sexually act, etc. in electronic
form.                                                 Section 67A
 Punishment for publishing or transmitting of material depicting children in sexually explicit act etc.
in electronic form                  Section 67B
 Preservation and retention of information by Intermediaries   Section 67 C
 Un-authorized access to protected System                      Section 70
 Penalty for misrepresentation                       Section 71
 Breach of Confidentiality and privacy           Section 72
 Punishment for disclosure of information in breach of lawful contract  Section 72A
 Publishing false Digital Signature Certificates.                                        Section 73
 Sec 503 (Criminal intimidation): Threatening e-
mails
 Sec 499; Defamatory e-mails
 Sec 463 (Forgery): Forgery of electronic records, E-
mail spoofing
 Sec 420 (Cheating and Dishonesty): Bogus websites,
cyber frauds
 Sec 383 (Extortion): Web-jacking
 NDPS Act: Online sale of drugs
 Arms Act: Online sale of arms
 The Interpol.
 Widespread usage of encryption and firewall
technology.
 Audit systems and check logs.
 USA through its Patriot Act also recognized
the Cyber terrorism angle by mandating the
setting up of a national network of electronic
crime task forces, throughout the country.
 Indians are being targeted are for creating botnets, which are zombie
computers that will later be used for illegal activities by criminals, without
even the user knowing about it.
 Countries with higher connectivity, poor information security/defense
mechanisms and inadequate legal framework are prone to be the prime
targets of attack.
 Global menace which should be combated through neutralization the
motivating forces behind the raise of Terrorist movements in an accepted
civilized manner.
 When ITA, 2000 was enacted, the focus of legislation was not on “Cyber
Terrorism”.  
 Effective tackling through a popular public support (conflict of rights and
duties) and a vigilant judiciary.
 Suitable technology supported by apt legislation.
 Check on the self-help measures for not committing any illegal act or
omission by themselves.
 Restriction of act to a proportionate and defensive level. Needs to strike a
balance between e-surveillance and civil liberties.