PRESENTATION

ON
RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION

Submitted to : Submitted by :
Mr . Abhinav Bansal Saurabh kr Agrahari
Sr . lecturer 0703331094
ECE Department EC VII B

Raj Kumar Goel Institute Of Technology Ghaziabad

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 Radio Frequency
Identification
§Radio providing the means of wireless interrogation ,
communication and transfer of data or information .
§
§Frequency defined spectrum for operating RFID devices ,
low , high , ultra high and microwave , each with
distinguishing characteristics .
§
§Identification of items by means of codes contained in a
memory - based data carrier and accessed by radio
interrogation .
Host
§ Information
Item Reader
Tag Management
System

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 History of RFID
• Harry stockman invented it in 1948.
• It was first used in world war II by
the united kindom to distinguish there
airoplane from the german ones.
• In 1973 Mario Cardullo patent it and is known as
the ancestor of modern RFID.
• Came into commercial use only in 1990s.
•
•
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 What is RFID?
• RFID uses electrostatic and electromagnetic
coupling in the RF portion of the electromagentic
waves to uniquely identify an object, animal or
person.
– It can be used to identify objects and store information
about the object in question
• Bar codes can store limited amounts of information about
an object.
• RFID can be used to store vast amounts of information.
– It can be used to accurately locate and identify objects
from a distance using RF signals.
– It can be used to detect and read objects that are not in
line of sight.
• 4
 Basics of RFID of tags
• Radio-frequency identification
A wide variety
– Using radio frequency (RF) signals
to identify (ID) an object
– Does not require line-of-sight
• Tags are attached to an object
– ID number in tag uniquely identify the object, not just its class
– Current tags use 64 to 128 bits
– Can include other information besides ID
• Current state
• Location
• History

5
 How Does RFID Work?
• 3 Components
– Transceiver – Tag Reader
– Transponder – RFID tag
– Antenna

Enterprise

Middleware
System
RFID Tag RFID Reader
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 RFID Enabled Label
A paper label
with RFID inside

an antenna,
printed, etched

or stamped ...

… on a
… and a chip substrate
attached to it e.g. a plastic
foil ...

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System overview

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 Passive RFID Tags
•

• Tag contains an antenna, and a small

chip
• that stores a small amount of data
–
• Tag can be programmed at
manufacture
• or on installation
–
• Tag is powered by the high power
electromagnetic field generated by
the antennas – usually in doorways
–
• The field allows the chip/antenna to
reflect back an extremely weak
signal containing the data.
–
• Collision Detection – recognition of
multiple tags in the read range – is
employed to separately read the 9
individual tags
 Active RFID Tags
Battery Powered tags
•

• Have much greater range –

100m
• Hold much more information –
Kbytes
• Can integrate sensing
technology
• Temperature, GPS
• Can signal at defined time
• Multiple tags can be recorded
at once
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•
 DIFFERENCES
Active RFID Passive RFID
Tag Power Source Internal to tag Energy transferred using
RF from reader
Tag Battery Yes No

Availability of power Continuous Only in field of reader

Required signal strength to Very Low Very High
Tag•
•
Range
• Up to 100m Up to 3-5m, usually less
•
Multi-tag reading 1000’s of tags recognized – Few hundred within 3m of
up to 100mph reader

Data Storage Up to 128Kb or read/write 128 bytes of read/write

with sophisticated search
and access
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 RFID System Frequencies
Operation in Specific Frequency Ranges
•

• Inductive Coupling (near field)

– Low Frequency (LF)--10KHz to 135 KHz
• Systems operated at LF have short reading range
and are commonly used in asset tracking and
security access
– High Frequency (HF)-- 6.78, 13.56, 27.125 and 40.68
MHz
• HF systems are used for automated toll collection
and railroad car tracking
• Electromagnetic Waves (far field)
– Ultra High Frequency (UHF)--850 MHz to 950 MHz
– Microwave-- 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz
• RFID systems operated in these bands offer long
read ranges (greater than 90 feet) and high
reading speeds

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 Method of Coupling
• All RFID systems have two basic ways of
exchanging information:
• (1) inductive coupling
• IC or microprocessor

• (2) electromagnetic backscatter

•

RFID
Transceiver Tag
Tag Reader
antenna

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antenna
 Inductive Coupling(near field)

Inductive coupling means that the transponder and the

antenna are coupled by the magnetic flux through both
coils, much like a transformer. All the energy used in the
tag is drawn from the primary coil of the antenna.

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 Inductive Coupling Specification
• Operating Frequency: 13,56 MHz
(HF)
– Also 135 kHz
• Transmission Range: <1 meter
• Data Storage Capacity: up to 100
KB
– EEPROM memory
• Power Supply: Passive
• Both Read Only and Read-Write
• Transmission Types: HDX, FDX, SEQ 15
•
 Resonators
• The antenna coil of the transponder and the
capacitor form a resonant circuit tuned to
the transmission frequency of the reader.
The voltage U at the transponder coil
reaches a maximum due to resonance in the
circuit.
– This is way a radio receiver works
•

• The efficiency of power transfer between the

antenna coil of the reader and the
transponder is proportional to:
– the operating frequency f
– the number of windings n
– the area A enclosed by the transponder
coil
– the angle of the two coils relative to
each other
– the distance between the two coils. 16
 The rest of the picture
• The energy in the coil can is harvested using
diodes and capacitors (C2) to rectify the
current.
•
LC circuit
oscillator

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 FOR LARGER RANGE
• Opposite to inductive coupling, electromagnetic
backscatter works beyond the near field.
• The energy available at the transponder is found by
calculating the free space path loss aF between
the reader and the transponder.
• aF = −147.6 + 20 log(r) + 20 log(f ) − 10 log(GT) − 10 log(GR)

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 Backscatter Coupling
• Electromagnetic backscatter is quite similar to
radars.
• Depending on its characteristics, an antenna
reflects part of an incoming electromagnetic
wave back to the sender.
• Electromagnetic wave are reflected by most
objects that are larger than half the wavelength.
• The efficiency of reflection is particularly large for
antennas that are in resonance with the
incoming waves.
– The short wavelengths of UHF facilitate the
construction of antennas with smaller dimensions
and greater efficiency.
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 Backscatter Coupling
Specification
• Operating Frequency: 915MHz (UHF), 2.5 GHz &
5.8 GHz (Microwave)
– Also 868MHz (Europe)
• Transmission Range: >1 meter
• Data Storage Capacity: high bandwidth
• Power Supply: passive, semi-passive, active
• Both read only and read-write, etc
• Transmission Types: HDX, FDX, SEQ
•

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 How it works?
• The power reflected from the
transponder is radiated into
free space. A small proportion
of this (free space attenuation)
is picked up by the reader’s
antenna.
•
•
• The reflected signal travels into
the antenna connection of the
reader in the backwards
direction and can be decoupled
using a directional coupler. 21
Communication between tag and reader

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 System Architecture
Basic RFID tag read operation
•The reader initiates tag collection and sends messages to all tags
•All the tags in the reader’s field of contact respond by transmitting their tag ID to
the reader
•The reader forwards all collected tag IDs through a middleware platform that
filters and aggregates data before passing it on to the host computer

Middleware Local network

Data
Reader Reader Processin
g

01.203D2A.916E8B.8719BAE03C

Tag Local database

01.203D2A.916E8B.8719BAE13C

Tag
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 EPC CODE
•EPC numbers have four key elements
– Header (8-bits), which identifies the length of the EPC
number, including the number, type and version
– EPC manager (28 bits), which identifies the company or
entity responsible for managing the next two EPC elements
– Object class (24 bits), acts as the tracking mechanism for
specific groups (for example, lot number)
– Object ID number (36 bits), which identifies a unique
serial number for all items in a given object class

2 36 = 68,719,476,736
1234301. 203D2A. 916E8B. 8719BAE03C

Serial Number 36 bits

Header 8 bits
Product 24 bits

Manufacturer 28 bits 24
 RFID Vs Bar Code
RFID Barcode
Forging is difficult Forging is easy
Scanner not required. No need to bring Scanner needs to see the bar code to read
the tag near the reader it

RFID is comparatively fast

Can read multiple tags Can read only one tag at a time

Relatively expensive as compared to Bar

Codes
(Reader 1000$, Tag 20 cents a piece)

Can be reusable within factory premises Cannot be reused

Exp ir ati on

Dat e
Code

Tax Tarif
EPC

f
Kill Command

air 25
Rep tory
His
 Frequency Trade-Offs

nPower nLifespan
nCost nRange
nBandwidth n
Frequency

nLineof
Sight

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 RFID’s Advantages
• Passive
– wireless
• Store data on a tag
• Can be hidden
• Work in harsh environments
• Low cost?
• Size – a grain of rice
• Ability to hold more data than bar codes
• Durability

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 RFID Applications
• Just a few applications that already exist
– EZ Pass Toll Systems
– Pet identification technology
• For toll booths (or any “pay for entry” system)
• Luggage tagging
• - E.g., baggage tagging and boarding passes
• Car keys, wireless entry and ignition
• Animals
• Hospital Patients
• Time and attendance management
• - To identify in- and out- times
• Hazardous materials
• - Avoids the need for physical contact
•
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•
 RFID Shortfalls
Cost
•

• Transceiver ~ $1000
• RFID Tags $0.20 each

• Not competitive with cost of barcode

•UHF signals problematic near metal and water

•Reader Collisions

• Can be overcome using TDMA

•Tag Collisions

• Required some engineering of tag transmit timing

•Security Concerns

•Still a new technology – many issues with standards and security.

•Lack of standards!

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RFID PRIVACY CONCERNS

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 Industrial Initiatives in RFID
• Patni Computer Systems Lab – Implemented Animal Tracking System
•

•Wipro Technologies - Member of the Electronic Product Code (EPC)

• - Setting up a lab to study RFID
• - Working on pilot projects
•

•Infosys Technologies – RFID consulting on logistics player in the RFID

space.
•TCS have tied up with Hyderabad university to produce RFID tagged

mark sheets & degrees to deter use of fake degree.

•

• Intellicon - pilot project for BEL Bangalore, tags installed on employee

buses. Buses inside the BEL campus were tracked with the aim of
gauging employee punctuality.
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•
• ANY ?

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THANK YOU

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