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Questions to be Addressed:
1. What are the costs of the individual
sources of capital?
2. What set of weights (i.e., the capital
structure) is appropriate?
3. What is the relationship between the
cost of capital and the amount of
investment capital to be raised?
Cost of Individual Sources of Capital
Cost of Debt (kd)
k d Y(1 T)
where : k d after - tax cost of debt
Y before - tax cost of debt
(i.e., interest rate on new debt,
or yield to maturity on a bond)
T = marginal tax rate
Note: Flotation costs on new debt (if any) have been ignored
since the majority of debt is privately placed and has no
flotation cost. If, however, bonds are publicly placed and
involve flotation costs, an adjustment could be made to the
before-tax cost of debt.
Cost of Individual Sources (Continued)
Dp
kp
Pp F
where : Dp annual dividend
Pp price of preferred stock
F flotation costs
No adjustment for taxes is required, since
preferred dividends are not tax deductible .
Using the Constant Growth in Dividends Model to
Estimate the Cost of Common Equity
D1
ke g
P0
Cost of New Common Stock (kn):
(Using the constant growth in dividends model)
D1
kn g
P0 F)
where :
F the flotation costs
Note: If it were not for flotation costs, the cost
of newly issued common stock would be
equal to the cost of retained earnings.
(They are both sources of common equity).
Using the Capital Asset Pricing Model
(CAPM) to Estimate the Cost of
Common Equity
k e R f (k m R f )β
where:
Rf = risk-free rate of return
Km = required return on the market
b = beta coefficient
Beta Coefficient
(Measure of Market Risk)
The extent to which the returns on a given asset
move with the overall market
ke
18
16
14
12
10
8
Rf 6 The Market
4
2
0
b
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Optimal Capital Structure
ke
25
20
ka
15 kd
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Debt/Asset Ratio
Stock Price
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Debt/Asset Ratio
Expected EPS
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Debt/Asset Ratio
Marginal Cost of Capital (MCC)
MCC is the cost of obtaining an
additional dollar of new capital. If,
during a given period of time, a firm
tries to raise more and more
capital, a higher cost of capital may
result. Whenever any of the costs
of the individual sources increase,
the weighted average cost of
capital (ka) must be recalculated to
reflect the cost of obtaining
additional capital (MCC).
Marginal Cost of Capital (MCC)
(Continued)
MCC
15 Break Point
10
ka 2
5 ka 1
0
0 10 20 30
Amount of New Capital
($ millions)
Combining the MCC and Investment
Opportunities Schedule (IOS)
Percent
20 A
18 B
16
14 MCC
12
10 C
8 IOS
6
4
2
0
0 10 20 30
Amount of New Capital ($ millions)