THE BACK

SOME NOTES

Assoc Prof dr Hamiadji Tanuseputro

THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

• GIVE THE DIVISION OF VERT. CL.

• WHAT IS KYPHOSIS, LORDOSIS,
AND SCOLIOSIS?
THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
DISCUSS THE MOVEMENTS OF
THE VERTEBRAE.
THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
(INTERVERTEBRAL DISC)

DESCRIBE THE INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS.

 LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF A VERTEBRA
1. HAS A BODY AND A ARCH
2. BODIES ARE JOINED BY SYMPHYSES
3. ARCH HAS SPINOUS AND TRANSVERSE
PROCESSES FOR ATTACHMENTS OF
MUSCLES
4. JOINTS OF CONSECUTIVE VERTEBRAE
ARE; SYMPHYSIS, SYNDESMOSES, AND
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
5. MOVEMENTS ARE ROTATION, FLEXION –
EXTENSION, AND LATERAL FLEXION
 FRACTURES & HERNIATION

Vertebrae most likely

To fracture

Discs most likely

To herniate
SOFT TISSUES & HERNIATION

Interspinous
lig.

Lig. flavum

Lig. nuchae

Disc hernia
Ant. long.
Lig.
SOFT TISSUES & HERNIATION

Interspinous
lig.

Lig. flavum

Ant. long.
Lig.
 ANTERIOR MUSCLES

The muscular layer forward is

made up of muscles that act
to move the vertebrae,
forward and laterally flexing
the neck:
rectus lateralis
rectus anterior
longus capitis
longus cervicis
scalene medius
scalene anterior
scalene posterior
anterior longitudinal ligament
 ANTERIOR MUSCLES

diaphragm
right and left parts of the
diaphragm
right crus
left crus
medial arcuate ligament
lateral arcuate ligament
median arcuate ligament

quadratus lumborum
psoas major
psoas minor (frequently absent)
iliacus
 POSTERIOR MUSCLES
The muscles of the
back can be broken
down into three groups:
superficial - muscles
that act on the upper
limb
intermediate - muscles
of thorax
deep - muscles of
vertebral column

trapezius
latissimus dorsi
rhomboid major
rhomboid minor
levator scapulae
The erector spinae group of muscles are
serratus posterior superior the strongest muscles in the back and take
serratus posterior inferior on most of the work.
 MUSCLES OF THE BACK

The erector spinae group of muscles are the

strongest muscles in the back and take on most
of the work. The deep back muscles are both
extensors and rotators of the axial skeleton.
They are supplied segmentally by dorsal rami of
the spinal nerves.
 HYPEREXTENSION SPRAIN

Possible injuries are; Anterior longitudinal ligament

tear; Anterior herniation of disk; Fracture of vertebral
body; Acute facet impingement; Nerve root
impingement as well.
VERTEBRAL FUNCTIONAL UNIT
The most common cause of
back pain is a small injury to
a muscle (strain) or a
ligament (sprain).

Strains and sprains can

occur for many reasons,
including improper lifting,
excess body weight and
poor posture.

Your lower back is especially

vulnerable to a muscle strain
(shown here), because it's a
pivot point for turning at your
waist.
LOW BACK PAIN

HYPER
LORDOSIS
CAUSES PAIN
 Try to keep your
parcel (box) as
close to your
body as
possible
Keep your back
straight!!

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION