Geothermal

- an alternative energy resource -

 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Heat energy from the

earth that can be
extracted economically
THE ADVANTAGES OF GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY

Renewable
Sustainable
Clean
Indigenous
1200

1000
CO2 emission

800
(g/kWh)

600

400

200

0
Geothermal Natural Gas Oil Coal
 THE WORLD-WIDE OCCURRENCE OF
HIGH-TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES
Electricity generation
Multi-stage utilization scheme of geothermal energy
 Component of geothermal
systems
 There appear to be five features that are
essential to making a hydrothermal (i.e.,
hot water) geothermal resource
commercially viable.
– a large heat source
– A permeable reservoir
– a supply of water
– an overlying layer of impervious rock
– a reliable recharge mechanism.
Geothermal systems
 Geothermal systems
 Based on the convection:
– Convective (MPH)  Cyclic (E & M, 1977)
– Non-convective (MPH)  Storage (E & M, 1977)
 Based on fluid dominancy:
– Liquid dominated
– Vapor dominated
 Based on economics reservoir temperature:
– High temperature (T> 225C)
– Intermediate temperature (225C > T>125C)
– Low temperature (T<125C)
 Types of geothermal system
 5 types of geothermal system based on geology
and geophysic criteria, hydrologi, and
engineering (Goff, 2000):
Young igneous systems Exploit natural reservoirs
Tectonic systems of hot water
Geopressured systems
Hot dry rock systems Pumping of fluid (mainly
water) into the ground and
Magma tap systems then out again to extract
heat
Kuliah Geologi Panas Bumi, Jurusan
Teknik Geologi, UGM 10
 Young igneous systems
 Association with Quaternary volcanism
and magmatic intrusion.
 95% distributed along plate boundary,
and hot spot.
 In association with major tectonic and
seismicity.
 Heat is from cooling magma.
 This system generally  370C with the
depth of reservoir  1.5 km
Kuliah Geologi Panas Bumi,
Jurusan Teknik Geologi,
11 UGM
 Kuliah Geologi Panas Bumi,
Jurusan Teknik Geologi,
13 UGM
 Tectonic sytems
 High heat flow without magmatic activity.
 back arc, crustal extension, collision zone,
fault zone.
 In association with increasing seismicity
due to Quaternary faulting and increasing
heat flow due to thinning of plate.

Kuliah Geologi Panas Bumi,

Jurusan Teknik Geologi,
14 UGM
 Kuliah Geologi Panas Bumi,
Jurusan Teknik Geologi,
15 UGM
 Geopressured systems
 Located at sedimentary basin and subsidence.
 Heat flow and seismicity are low
 Similar to oil and gas system.
 Energy is preserved as excess pressure and as
dissolved methane
 Depth 1.5 – 3 km temperature 50 - 90C

Kuliah Geologi Panas Bumi,

Jurusan Teknik Geologi,
16 UGM
 Hot dry rock systems
 Mining heat from the rocks
 Occurs in rock of very low permeability
heated by a crustal heat source or by
deeper granite with high heat-generating
capacity (Smith, 1988)
 Very low permeability rock  man made
permeability
 None are presently capable of commercial
production. Kuliah Geologi Panas Bumi,
Jurusan Teknik Geologi,
17 UGM
 Magma tap systems
 Drilling in shallow magma body.
 Use heat exchanger
 Flowing fluid into heat exchanger to
collect heat energy.
 Need a big capital.
 Natural heat at shallow plate  1200C.

Kuliah Geologi Panas Bumi,

Jurusan Teknik Geologi,
18 UGM
Stage of geothermal exploration
 Surface exploration to collect information:
– Reservoir boundary,
– Reservoir temperature,
– Permeability etc
 Drilling Exploration
 Assessment of production drilling
 Power plant design
 Production drilling