Lec 1. Introduction To AM Broadcasting System and Standards1

Introduction to
BROADCASTING SYSTEM and

STANDARDS
B ROADCASTING
It refers to the airborne transmission of

electromagnetic audio signals (radio) or
audio-visual signals (television) t h a t are
readily accessible to a wide population
via standard receivers.
AM B ROADCAST S TANDARDS
Philippine International
Parameters Standards Standards
Frequency Band 535-1605 kHz 535-1605 kHz
No. of Channels 118 107
BW per Channel 9kHz 10kHz
Permitted BW 30kHz 30kHz
Channel Spacing 36kHz (4ch apart) 30kHz (3ch apart)

Center Frequency Stability ± 20Hz ± 20Hz


Baseband Freq 50-15000kHz 50-15000kHz

Type of Modulation AM AM

Type of Emission A3E A3E

Guard band 36kHz 30kHz

Antenna Polarization Vertical Vertical

Type of Receiver Superheterodyne Superheterodyne

Type of Receiver Superheterodyne Superheterodyne
Intermediate Frequency 455kHz 455kHz
M AXIMUM P OWER A LLOCATION
( KW)
Low Band Mid Band High Band

Area
(529-918kHz) (919-1312 kHz) (1313-1705kHz)
Metro Manila 10 20 30
Metro Cebu 10 20 30
Other Areas 5 10 15
AM A NTENNA S YSTEM
 Antenna Site Considerations
Location in relation to the population to be
served and to other installations and
airports.
Conductivity of the soil and immediately
adjacent to the site.
Conductivity of the path between the site
and the target area.
AM A NTENNA S YSTEM
 Antenna Design Considerations
The transmitting antenna system shall be
vertically polarized and shall radiate a n
effective field of not less t h a n t h a t of a 60-
degree vertical radiator.
The antenna, antenna lead-in, and
counterpoise shall be installed so as not to
present hazard.
AM T RANSMITTER
 Transmitter Location and Layout
Considerations
Adequate space
Adequate ventilation and air conditioning
Adequate lighting
AM T RANSMITTER
 Transmitter Design
Parameters Phil. Standards
Carrier Power Limits 10% of Full Power

Max. Modulation for
85%
Satisfactory Operation
Operating Frequency Limits ± 10Hz of Assigned Freq.
Carrier Shift 5%
Carrier Hum and
45dB below 400Hz tone
Extraneous Noise Level
<5% Harmonics @0-84% mod
Total Audio Frequency
<7.5% Harmonics @85-95%
Distortion
mod
AM T RANSMITTER
 Alternate Main Transmitter
Considerations
The regular and alternate main
transmitter to be co-located in a single
place.
Both transmitters shall maintain the
same parameters especially with regards
to authorized operating power, frequency
stability, and etc.
AM T RANSMITTER
 Auxiliary Transmitter Considerations
May be installed either in the same
location as the regular main
transmitter or in another location.
Its operating power may be less but
never greater t h a n the authorized
power of the regular main transmitter.
AM BROADCAST O PERATING
REQUIREMENTS
 Operating Schedule
2/3 of the total hours t h a t it is authorized
to operate between 6:00AM to 6:00PM
local standard time.
2/3 of the total hours t h a t it is authorized
to operate between 6:00PM to midnight
local standard time.
REQUIREMENTS
 Program Log Entries
An entry of the time each station identification
announcement is made.
An entry briefly describing each program
broadcast.
An entry showing that each sponsored
program broadcast has been announced as
sponsored.
An entry showing, for each program of
network origin, the name of the network
originating the program.
REQUIREMENTS
 Operating Log Entries
An entry of the time the station begins to
supply power to the antenna and the time it
stops.
An entry of the time the program begins and
ends.
An entry of each interruptions.
An entry of the following every 30 minutes:
Operating constants and antenna current.
AM BROADCAST T ERMINOLOGIES
 Authorized Frequency
The carrier frequency authorized by the
National Telecommunications Commission
(NTC).
 Carrier Wave
A sinusoidal voltage or current generated in a
transmitter and subsequently modulated by a
modulating wave.
 Carrier Frequency
The frequency of the carrier wave.
 Daytime
Refers to t h a t period of time between 2100 GMT –
1000 GMT (5:00AM – 6:00PM local standard time).
 Experimental Period
Refers to t h a t period of time between 1600 GMT
- 2100 GMT (12 midnight -5:00 AM local standard
time).
 Intermittent Service Area
The area receiving service from the ground wave
but beyond the primary service area and subject to
some interference and fading.
 Maximum Percentage of Modulation
The greatest percentage of modulation t h a t may
be obtained by a transmitter without producing in
its output harmonics of the modulating frequency
in excess of those permitted by these regulations.
 Maximum Rated Carrier Power
The maximum power a t which the transmitter
can be operated satisfactorily and is determined
by the design of the transmitter.
 Nighttime
Refers to t h a t period of time between 1000-2100
GMT (6:00PM – 5:00AM local standard time).
 Secondary Service Area
The area served by the skywave and not subject
to objectionable interference. The signal is subject
to intermittent variations in intensity.
 Secondary Station
A station operating on any one channel and is
designed to render service over a primary service
area which is limited by the subject to such
interference as may be received from a clear-
channel station.
 Spurious emission
The emission of any frequency outside of the
assigned channel or authorized band of frequency
and tolerances allowed by these regulations.
 Total harmonic distortion (THD)
The effective value of the harmonic voltages
present in the audio frequency output of the
equipment under test.

Lec 1. Introduction To AM Broadcasting System and Standards1

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Introduction to

BROADCASTING SYSTEM and

It refers to the airborne transmission of

Channel Spacing 36kHz (4ch apart) 30kHz (3ch apart)

Channel Spacing 36kHz (4ch apart) 30kHz (3ch apart)

Center Frequency Stability ± 20Hz ± 20Hz

Channel Spacing 36kHz (4ch apart) 30kHz (3ch apart)

Center Frequency Stability ± 20Hz ± 20Hz

Channel Spacing 36kHz (4ch apart) 30kHz (3ch apart)

Center Frequency Stability ± 20Hz ± 20Hz

Channel Spacing 36kHz (4ch apart) 30kHz (3ch apart)

Center Frequency Stability ± 20Hz ± 20Hz

Channel Spacing 36kHz (4ch apart) 30kHz (3ch apart)

Center Frequency Stability ± 20Hz ± 20Hz

Channel Spacing 36kHz (4ch apart) 30kHz (3ch apart)

Center Frequency Stability ± 20Hz ± 20Hz

Channel Spacing 36kHz (4ch apart) 30kHz (3ch apart)

Center Frequency Stability ± 20Hz ± 20Hz

Channel Spacing 36kHz (4ch apart) 30kHz (3ch apart)

Center Frequency Stability ± 20Hz ± 20Hz

Low Band Mid Band High Band

Carrier Power Limits 10% of Full Power

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