BURIAL HISTORY

Objective  Basin history

• Tectonic  Trap Formation
• Basin Filling  Architecture
• Thermal  Maturation

Data:
• Thickness
• Well
• Seismic
• Measuring section
 BURIAL HISTORY

Method:
• Backstripping

Assumption: (Mc Kenzie 1978)

• Local subsidence
• Asymptotic thickness evolution
• Linear thickness evolution
 BURIAL HISTORY

Tectonic subsidence correction:

• Paleobathymetry
• Eustatic
• Sediment load
Subsidence and Thermal History
of Sedimentary Basins

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Subsidence History
• Present-day stratigraphic thicknesses are a product of
cumulative compaction through time. A quantitative
analysis of subsidence rates through time, called geohistory
analysis, primarily to de-compact stratigraphic units to their
correct thickness at the time of interest.
• The addition of a sediment load to a sedimentary basin
causes additional subsidence of the basement
• Corrections for geohistory analysis :
• Decompaction
• Palaeobathymetry
• Absolute sea level fluctuations

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 Compaction versus
Depth is Reflected in
Porosity Decrease with
Depth

in Allen and Allen (1990, 2005)

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 Porosity versus Depth for Shales and Sandstones

in Allen and Allen (1990)

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Reconstruction of Subsidence History of Basin : Burial Curve

Selley (1985)
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Using Basin-Mod Software for Reconstructing Subsidence and Thermal
History of Basin

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 Thermal History
• Subsidence in sedimentary basins causes thermal maturation in the
progressively buried sedimentary layers. Indicators of the thermal history
include organic parameters and mineralogical parameters.
• The most important factors in the maturation of organic matter are
temperature and time, pressure being relatively unimportant.
• Paleotemperatures are controlled by the basal heat flow history of the
basin, also by internal factors such as thermal conductivities, heat
generation from radioactive sources within sediments, and regional water
flow through aquifers.
• Formation temperatures can be estimated from borehole data. The
corrected formation temperatures allow geothermal gradients to be
calculated.

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Thermal History
• Heat flow = geothermal gradient x thermal conductivity of rock
• Studies of present-day heat flows and ancient geothermal gradients
estimated from thermal indicators, suggest that thermal regime closely
reflects tectonic history.
• Hypothermal (cooler than average) basins include : ocean trenches and
outer forearcs and foreland basins.
• Hyperthermal (hotter than average) basins include : oceanic and
continental rifts, backarc basins, some strike-slip basins with mantle
involvement, and magmatic arcs in collisional settings. Mature passive
margins tend to have near-average heat flow and geothermal gradients.

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 Maturation Increases
with Depth

in Allen and Allen (1990, 2005)

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 Typical heat Flow of
Various
Sedimentary Basins

in Allen and Allen (1990, 2005)

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Application to
Petroleum Exploration

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Petroleum Play
• A play is a model of how reservoir, regional topseal, traps at
a specific stratigraphic level and petroleum charge may
combine to produce petroleum accumulations.
• Prediction of source rocks, reservoirs, and topseals requires
an understanding of the stratigraphic evolution of the
depositional sequences within a basin. The understanding
of structural development of the basin is required for
evaluating traps.
• Play concepts are founded on an understanding of the
stratigraphic and structural evolution of the basin.

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Petroleum Play
• The location and overall form of major depositional
sequences may be understood in terms of mechanical
processes of basin formation. Basins due to lithospheric
stretching, basins in strike-slip zones, and basins due to
flexure, each exhibit characterictic locations, geometries,
and evolutions.
• The objective of play assessment is to anticipate all of the
possible combinations of potential reservoirs, sources, and
caprocks that may produce petroleum plays in basin.

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Component of Petroleum Play

in Allen and Allen (1990, 2005)

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Chronostratigrahic
Diagram and Petroleum
Elements (Source,
Reservoir, Cap Rocks)

in Allen and Allen (1990, 2005)

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Distribution of Petroleum within Basins

• Petroleum tend to occur in sedimentary basins in a regular

pattern.
• Heavy oils tend to be shallow and with increasing depth,
pass down into light oils, condensate, and finally gas.
• Oils tend to become lighter not only downward but also
laterally toward a basin center. Typically, heavy oils occur
around basin margins, and condensate and gas in the center.
• The zonation of gas, light oil, and heavy oil from basin
center to margin may be due to a combination of thermal
maturation and degradation by meteoric water and
biodegradation.

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 Distribution of Hydrocarbons in Basins : Gussow Principles

Selley (1985)
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 Distribution of Hydrocarbons in Basins with Depth

in Selley (1985)
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Areas of Basin Types and Petroleum Reserves

in Selley (1985)

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Basins of Indonesia

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Sedimentary Basins of the Indonesian Region

Hardy et al. (1997)

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INDONESIA BASIN TYPES

mod. from Pertamina and Beicip (1982, 1985)

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 Netherwood (2000)

Stratigraphic Summary of Western Indonesia Basins

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Stratigraphic Summary of Eastern Indonesia Basins Netherwood (2000)
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Indonesian Basins (1)
• The complex geological history of Indonesia has resulted in over
60 sedimentary basins which are the subject of petroleum
exploration today.
• Current status : 16 are producing, 8 drilled with discoveries, 14
drilled with no discovery, 22 not yet drilled.
• Western Indonesia basins (22) : considered to be maturely
explored.
• Eastern Indonesia basins (38) : under-explored, 20 not yet drilled,
sparse geological knowledge, remoteness to world markets,
logistical difficulties, high costs, little or no infrastucture, deep
water area.

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 Indonesian Basins (2)
• All of the most prolific basins to date are located in Western
Indonesia. These include basins of North Sumatra, Central Sumatra,
South Sumatra, Sunda-Asri, Northwest Java, East Java, Barito, Kutei,
Tarakan, West Natuna, and East Natuna.
• In Eastern Indonesia only the Salawati Basin is considered to be
mature.
• Eastern Indonesia has large-giant hydrocarbon potential at Mesozoic
and Paleozoic objectives, as shown by discoveries at Tangguh
complex, Oseil, Abadi, NW shelf of Australia, and Central Range of
PNG.

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 Status of Indonesia Sedimentary Basins (December 2006)

PRODUCING (16 0R 27 %)
DRILLED, WITH DISCOVERIES OR SHOWS (8 OR 13 %)
DRILLED, NO DISCOVERIES (14 OR 23 %)
UNDRILLED (22 OR 37 %)

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 North Sumatra Basin

Central Sumatra Basin

South Sumatra Basin

Sedimentary Basins of Sumatra Schlumberger (1986)

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Schlumberger (1986) Sunda –West Java Offshore Basin

Netherwood (2000) West Java Basin

Lapindo Brantas (2001)

East Java Basin

Sedimentary Basins of Java

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 Total Indonesie Kutei – Makassar Basin

Barito Basin
Siregar and Sunaryo (1980)

Sedimentary Basins of Kalimantan

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Sedimentary Basins of the Bird’s Head of Papua

Pertamina and Corelab (1998)

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Sedimentary basins in Southern Banda
Arc – Arafura Shelf – NW Australian Shelf

Pertamina and Corelab (1998)

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