ACTUATORS IN AUTOMATION

SYSTEM
1.1 Introduction to Industrial Automation System
1.2 Electrical Actuators
1.3 Pneumatic Actuators
1.4 Hydraulic Actuators
1.5 Mechanical Actuators

NURLIYANA IZZATI BINTI ABDUL MAJID

GB170037
 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL
AUTOMATION SYSTEM

WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION…?

 Its very broad and involves many kinds of variables.

 is the “replacement” with computers and machines to
that of human thinking.
 the word Automation gives the meaning ‘self dictating’
or ‘a mechanism move by itself’.
On the other hand, automation replaces the human
involvement with the use of logical programming
commands and powerful machineries.
 ACTUATOR
What is Actuator…?

Actuator converts the command signal

from controllers or higher-level
components into physical adjustable
process variable..
 1.2 ELECTRICAL ACTUATORS

 An electric actuator is powered by a motor that converts

electrical energy into mechanical torque.
 The electrical energy is used to actuate equipment such as
multi-turn valves.

ELECTRIC LINEAR ACTUATORS

• Two different methods of generating linear motion by electric
are:
Linear
Solenoids induction
motors
 Solenoids

Solenoids are
electromechanical
devices consisting of an
electromagnetic coil and
a plunger (armature).
 Based on the figure shown, when current is sent through
the coil, the resulting magnetic field draws the plunger into
a sleeve within the coil, thus converting electrical energy
into linear motion.
 B. Linear Induction Motors
 Linear induction motors (LIMs) change electric energy into a
constant-force straight-line motion in either direction, without
resorting to gears, power screws or mechanical linkages.
Basically the LIM is a squirrel-cage induction motor that has been
split along its axis of rotation and unrolled onto a flat plane.
The results is a flat motor, with the primary containing the
windings, and the secondary consists of a flat conductor
(armature).
 1.3 PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
 Pneumatic  A pneumatic
actuators enable actuator converts  Pneumatic energy is
considerable energy formed by desirable for main
forces to be vacuum engine controls
produced from or compressed air because it can
relatively small at high pressure quickly respond in
pressure changes. into either linear starting and stopping
or rotary motion. as the power source
 Moreover, pneumatic does not need to be
actuators are safer, stored in reserve for
cheaper, and often  These forces are operation.
more reliable and often used with
powerful than other valves to move
actuators. diaphragms to affect
the flow of air
through the valve.
 ACTUATOR TYPES - OPERATION

As air pressure increase,

the valve opening can
becomes larger or smaller

Air To Open : As the air

increase, the valve
opening gets larger

Air To Close : As the air

increase, the valve
opening gets smaller
 1.4 HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS
 A hydraulic actuator consists of cylinder or fluid motor that uses hydraulic
power to facilitate mechanical operation.
 The mechanical motion gives an output in terms of linear, rotatory
or oscillatory motion.
 As liquids are nearly impossible to compress, a hydraulic actuator can exert
a large force.
 The hydraulic cylinder consists of a hollow cylindrical tube along which a
piston can slide.
The term single acting is used when the fluid
pressure is applied to just one side of the piston.
The piston can move in only one direction, a
spring being frequently used to give the piston a
return stroke.
The term double acting is used when pressure is
applied on each side of the piston any difference
in pressure between the two sides of the piston
moves the piston to one side or the other.
 PNEUMATICS VS HYDRAULICS
PNEUMATICS HYDRAULICS

PRESSURE LEVELS Range from 5 to 10 bar Range up to 200 bar

ACTUATING FORCES Produce only low or Suitable for very high

medium size forces loads

ELEMENT COST More cheaper Expensive

TRANSMISSION LINES Made of metal tubing Flexible plastic tubing is

used

SPEED CONTROL Difficult to control the -

speed

THE POWER SOURCES Used a pump Used air pressure

ACTUATION SPEEDS Very high lower

 1.5 MECHANICAL ACTUATORS

• A mechanical actuator functions to execute movement

by converting one kind of motion, such as rotary motion,
into another kind, such as linear motion.
• An example is a rack and pinion.
• The operation of mechanical actuators is based on
combinations of structural components, such as gears
and rails, or pulleys and chains.
SINGLE CYLINDER RACK AND PINION
ACTUATOR
DOUBLE CYLINDER RACK AND PINION
ACTUATOR