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SEMINAR

PRESENTATION
ON

THE EFFICIENT USE OF OUTRIGGER AND BELT TRUSS


IN TALL BUILDINGS
Submitted to

MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR


In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Under the supervision of: Submitted By:


Dr. Ravindra Nagar Neeraj Agrawal
Professor ( Structural Engg. Deptt .) M.Tech.( Structural Engineering)
MNIT Jaipur Student ID: 2010/PST/126

DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING,


MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAIPUR,
JAIPUR-302017
INTRODUCTION
 The outrigger and belt
truss system is one of the
lateral loads resisting
system in which the
external columns are tied to
the central core wall with
very stiff outriggers and
belt truss at one or more
levels.
Tall building with conventional
outriggers and belt truss

Taken from S. Fawzia and T. Fatima


 The belt truss tied the peripheral column of
building while the outriggers engage them with
main or central shear wall.

Strandard 3D view of Outrigger and belt truss

Taken from S. Fawzia and T. Fatima


 The aim of this method is to reduce obstructed
space compared to the conventional method.

 The floor space is usually free of columns and is


between the core and the external columns, thus
increasing the functional efficiency of the building.

 Exterior columns restrained the core wall from


free rotation through outrigger arms.
Outrigger and belt trusses, connect planar
vertical trusses and exterior frame columns.

 Outrigger system can lead to very efficient use


of structural materials by mobilizing the axial
strength and stiffness of exterior columns.
THE CONCEPT OF OUTRIGGER

The great sailing ships of the past and present


use outriggers to help resist the wind forces in
their sails. Like the ship, the core in the tall
building can be related to the mast of the ship,
the outrigger acting like the spreaders and the
exterior columns like the stays or shroud of the
ship.
THE USE OF OUTRIGGERS IN HIGH-RISE
BUILDINGS TO CONTROL THE FORCES

 The incorporation of an outrigger which connects


the two elements together provides a stiffer
component which act together to resist the
overturning forces.

 When an outrigger-braced building deflects under


wind or seismic load, the outrigger which connects to
the core wall and the exterior columns, makes the
whole system to act as a unit in resisting the lateral
load.
TYPES OF OUTRIGGER TRUSS
SYSTEM

On the basis of connectivity of core to exterior


columns, this system may be divided as in two
types :

1. CONVENTIONAL OUTRIGGER CONCEPT

2. VIRTUAL OUTRIGGER CONCEPT


CONVENTIONAL OUTRIGGER CONCEPT

In the conventional
outrigger concept, the
outrigger trusses or
girders are connected
directly to shear walls or
braced frames at the core
and to columns located
outboard of the core.
Typically (but not
necessarily), the columns
are at the outer edges of Tall building with conventional outriggers

the building. Taken from R. SHANKAR NAIR


VIRTUAL OUTRIGGER CONCEPT

 In the “virtual” outrigger concept, the same transfer


of overturning moment from the core to elements
outboard of the core is achieved, but without a
direct connection between the outrigger trusses and

the core.

 The basic idea behind the virtual outrigger concept


is to use floor diaphragms, which are typically very

stiff and strong in their own plane.


BELT TRUSSES AS VIRTUAL OUTRIGGERS

The use of belt trusses as


virtual outriggers avoids
many of the problems
associated with the use of
conventional outriggers.
The principle is the same as
when belt trusses are used
as virtual outriggers. Some
fraction of the moment in
the core is converted into a
horizontal couple in the
Tall building with belt trusses
floors at the top and the as “virtual” outriggers
bottom of the basement. Taken from R. SHANKAR NAIR
ADVANTAGES OF USE OF BELT TRUSSES AS
VIRTUAL OUTRIGGERS

1. There are no truss diagonals extending from the


core to the exterior of the building.

2. The need to locate outrigger columns where they


can be conveniently engaged by trusses extending
from the core is eliminated.

3. The complicated truss-to-core connection is


eliminated.
4. Differential shortening or settlement between the
core and the outboard columns does not affect the
virtual outrigger system since the floor diaphragms,
though stiff in their own plane, are very flexible in
the vertical, out-of-plane direction.

Taken from R. SHANKAR NAIR


FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
OUTRIGGER SYSTEM

1. The stiffness and location of the outrigger truss


system.

2. The stiffness and location of the Belt truss system.

3. Geometry of the tall building.

4. Stiffness of the central core.

5. Floor-to-floor height of the tall building.


Advantages of using Outrigger & Belt truss system

1. There are no trusses in the space between the


core and the building exterior.

2. There are fewer constraints on the location of


exterior columns. The need to locate large exterior
columns where they can be directly engaged by
outrigger trusses extending from the core is
eliminated.
3. All exterior columns (not just certain designated
outrigger columns) participate in resisting
overturning moment.

4. The difficult connection of the outrigger trusses to


the core is eliminated.

5. Core overturning moments can be reduced


through the reverse moment applied to the core at
each outrigger connection.
6. Exterior framing can consist of simple beam and
column framing without the need for rigid-frame-
type connection, thus reducing the overall cost.

7. Reduction or elimination of uplift and net tension


forces without the column and foundation system.
EXAMPLES
PLAZA RAKYAT TOWER

The 77-story Plaza Rakyat office


tower in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia, uses a concrete shear
core, a concrete perimeter
frame, exterior concrete belt
walls at two levels, and a
conventional outrigger system
at the roof as the building’s
lateral load-resisting system
JIN MAO TOWER

The 88-story Jin Mao Office, Hotel,


observation, retail tower is in Shanghai,
China. The tower is built around an
octagon-shaped concrete shear wall core
surrounded by 8 exterior composite super
columns and 8 exterior steel columns.
Three sets of 8 two-story high outrigger
trusses connect the columns to the core at
six of the floors to provide additional
support
TAIPEI 101

The 101-story TAIPEI-101 Office, Hotel,


observation, retail tower is in Shanghai,
China. The design achieves both strength
and flexibility for the tower through the
use of high-performance steel construction.
Thirty-six columns support Taipei 101,
including eight "mega-columns" packed
with 10,000 psi (69 MPa) concrete. Every
eight floors, outrigger trusses connect the
columns in the building's core to those on
the exterior.
CHIFLEY TOWER

The 42-story Chifley Tower Office,


financial institutions, law firms and
corporations tower is in Sydney, Australia.
CONCLUSTIONS ON TALL BUILDINGS USING
OUTRIGGER & BELT TRUSS

1. There are no trusses in the space between the


core and the building exterior.

2. There are fewer constraints on the location of


exterior columns. The need to locate large exterior
columns where they can be directly engaged by
outrigger trusses extending from the core is
eliminated.
3. All exterior columns (not just certain designated
outrigger columns) participate in resisting
overturning moment.

4. The difficult connection of the outrigger trusses


to the core is eliminated.

5. Complications caused by differential shortening


of the core and the outrigger columns are
avoided.
REFERENCES
1. B.S. Taranath, Structural Analysis & Design
of Tall Buildings. New York, Mc Graw Hill,
1998.

2. R. S. Nair, Belt Trusses and Basements as


“Virtual” Outriggers for Tall Buildings.
Engineering Journal / Fourth Quarter/ 1998.

3. Stafford Smith, B., Cruvellier, M., Nollet, M-J.,


and Mahyari, A. T., “Offset Outrigger Concept
for Tall Buildings,”
4. P.S. Kian and F.T.Siahaan, The use of outrigger
and belt truss system for high-rise concrete
buildings. Dimensi Teknit Sipil, Volume 3, No1,
Maret 2001, Page 36-41,ISSN1410-9530.

5. Smith, B. S., Coull, A. Tall Building


Structures: Analysis and Design. John Wiley
and Sons, Inc, New York.

6. S. Fawzia and T. Fatima, Deflection Control in


Composite Building by Using Belt Truss and
Outriggers Systems, Brisbane 4000, Australia.
THANKS

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