Introduction to World

Regional Geography
 Study of Geography
 Evolution of Geography
 Contributions of the Greeks/Romans
– geo (the earth) graphos (to write about/describe)
– Herodotus-”Father of Geography” who explained the
physical and human geography of his day
– Aristotle- explained processes of the earth, influence of
temperature, wind, soils and vulcanism
– Eratosthenes- measured circumference of the earth
from angle of the sun at two points
– Construction of earth grids- longitude and latitude
 – Established the science of cartography
– Ptolemy-Greek astronomer who designed early map of the
world.
– Strabo- description of Roman World, spatial perspective of
the known world
 Middle Ages
– Geography falls into disrepute in Middle Ages
– Golden Age of Islamic Civilization
– Arabs were outstanding geographers, continued tradition of
map-making
– Ibn Batuta travels throughout Middle East, observations of
peoples and lands
– Avicenna’s understanding of physical geography, creation
of mountains
– Ibn Khaldun’s Muqaddimah provides an account of the
influence of man’ physical environment on social and political
institutions
– observations are model of scientific research on history and
geography
– traveled extensively throughout North Africa and Middle East
– importance of cities and urbanization on the level of civilization.
Ptolemy's World Map, circa 150 A.D.
Ibn Battuta’s Travels 1300 AD
Ibn Battuta’s travels 1300 A.D.
 Renaissance and Age of Discovery
– Resurgence of geography as a science
– Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal, new more
accurate maps
– Early explores question old concepts in light of discovery
– Scientific travelers, Alexander von Humbolt’s description
of the earth
– Karl Ritter- understanding of the human dimension of the
world
– Geography is respected branch of knowledge in European
university, particularly in Germany
– Importance of the National Geographic Society in US
founded in 1888
– Chinese contributions to geography
 World Regional Geography
– Different fields of Geography

 Physical Geography, study of the environment, location of

terrain, physical features of the land

 Human Geography, study of human occupation of the land

 Regional Geography, analysis of environmental and human

patterns within an area or region
– Regions of the World:
 (1) Europe;
 (2) Russia;

 (3) North America;

 (4) Middle America;

 (5) South America;

 (6) North Africa/Southwest Asia;

 (7) Subsaharan Africa;

 (8) South Asia;

 (9) East Asia;

 (10) Southeast Asia;

 (11) Australia;

 (12) Pacific Realm

– Format of course
 background/historical factors
 physical features
 climate

 population

 cultural features
 social and economic factors
– agriculture
– industry
– environmental problems
Basic Geographical Factors
 Climate
– Climatic differences are result of differences in the
processes by which earth’s atmosphere is heated and
cooled
– Radiation and absorption of heat energy determine
climatic variations
– Lower the latitude, the more solar energy received
– Sun’s rays strike earth at vertical angles in lower
latitudes
 – heat dissipated by air currents and ocean currents
– Higher the elevation, the less dense is air and less the
air can hold water vapor. Air temps decrease 3.6
degrees F per 1000 feet of elevation
 Precipitation
– What causes rainfall? Physical process of how air is
cooled is the cause of rainfall
– When water vapor in atmosphere is cooled to point that
it condenses, it changes from a gaseous state to liquid
state
– Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air
– Types of precipitation
 Convectional precipitation- equatorial latitudes
with land mass warming, as hot air rises it precipates

 Orthographic precipitation- air force up over

mountains, cooling rapidly and producing rain

 Cyclonic/Frontal precipitation-cold front pushes

up under war air front or warm front rises over cold
front. Found in mid latitudes
Types of Precipitation
 Types of Climate
– Type A Climate (Humid Equatorial Climate
 High temperatures all year
 High precipitation

 Subtypes (Af)high rainfall every month; (Am)

monsoon; (Aw) savanna with unpredictable rainfall

– Type B Climate (Dry Climate)

 lower and higher altitudes
 (Bw) true desert; (Bs) semi-arid steppe

 soils thin and poor

 high range of temperatures (140-48 degrees F)

– Type C Climate (humid temperature climates)
 found above and below tropic of cancer and tropic of
capricorn
 US (Kentucky-Florida) Europe; southern Brazil/northern
Argentina: South Africa, Australia, China, and Japan
 Subtypes (Cf) No drive season i.el Marine West Coast; (Cw)
dry winter; Cs) dry summers, Mediterranean climates
– Type D Climate (humid cold continental climates)
 great annual range of temperatures
 very cold winters; cool summers

 total precipitation not high, much snow

 found in interiors of North America/Eurasia

 best soils in world with high levels of humus

– Type E Climates
 vary from true ice-cap conditions to tundra with 4
months/year of temps above freezing
 high mountain areas

 near arctic conditions with limited vegetation

 Population
– Questions: (1) What factors responsible for growth of
human population? (2) What is density and
distribution of the world’s population? (3) What
models of population explain change?
– Growth of population
5 million from 5,000 BC to 2,000BC
 250 million at beginning of Christian era

 500 million in 1650 AD

 1 billion in 1850 AD

 2 billion in 1950 AD

 5.7 billion in 1998 AD

 7 billion estimated by 2010 AD

– Models of Population Change
 Demographic transition
 Stage I
– preindustrial agrarian economy
– high birth rate and high death rate
– relatively stable population that grows slowly
– large # of children useful for work in fields and social security
– life expectancy low; security dependent on family
 Stage II
– high birth rates, falling death rates
– improvements in public health, sanitation, and medicine
– productivity of agriculture improves
– opportunity for employment in cities
– industrialization , urbanization, specialization of labor
– Stage III
 birthrate declines
 smaller families due to urbanization and demands for
education
 children more of a liability in an urban, industrial
environment
 population growth declines dramatically

– Stage IV
 birth
rates and death rates very low
 population growth stabilizes or grows very slowly

– Amount of time to go through demographic transition?

 Western Europe/US= 150 years
 Soviet Union=40 years

 Japan=25 years
Demographic Transition
Demographic Transition
MDC’s vs. LDC’s
 Human Cultural Hearths
– Most cultural hearths established from 5,000BC to
1,000 BC
– Primary cultural hearths
 Middle East (Tigris, Euphrates and Nile Rivers)
 Indus Valley (Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa)

 China (Yellow River and North China plain)

– Secondary cultural hearths

 Mesoamerican civilization (Mayans and Aztecs)
 Bantu civilization in Africa (Central/South Africa and the
Ethiopian highlands)
 European civilization
 Economic factors
– Sectors of the Economy
 primary sector (fishing, extracting natural resources,
forestry, agriculture)
 secondary sector (processing basic commodities,
manufacturing)
 tertiary sector (services provided by government and private
sector)
 quarternary sector (institutions that provide information to
make decisions, computers, data analysis)
– Modernization and development brings about changes
in nature of the economy
– Economic indicators of modernization and development
 levelof GNP and GNP per capita
 per capital consumption of inanimate energy

 percentage of labor force in agriculture