SUBMITTED BY:-

SHIVAM DWIVEDI
 INTRODUCTION
 In geotechnical engineering , drilling fluid is used to
aid the drilling of borehole into the earth. Often used
while drilling oil and natural gas wells and on
exploration drilling rigs, drilling fluids are also used
for much simpler boreholes, such as water wells.
Liquid drilling fluid is often called drilling mud.
 “A circulating fluid used in rotary drilling to
perform any or all of the various functions
required in a drilling operation is known as
drilling fluid.”
 DRILLING:-
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bits to cut
a hole of circular cross-section in solid materials. The
drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-
point. The bit is pressed against the work-piece and
rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands
of revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge
against the work-piece, cutting off chips from the hole
as it is drilled.
 DRILLING RIG:-
A Drilling rig is a machine that creates holes in the
earth subsurface. Drilling rigs can be massive
structures housing equipment used to drill water
wells, oil wells, or natural gas extraction wells. Drilling
rigs can be mobile equipment mounted on trucks,
tracks or trailers, or more permanent land or marine-
based structures (such as oil platforms, commonly
called 'offshore oil rigs' even if they don't contain a
drilling rig).
 “The term "rig" therefore generally refers to the
complex equipment that is used to penetrate the
surface of the Earth's crust.”
TYPES OF DRILLING FLUID:-
There are several different types of drilling fluids, based on both
their composition and use. The three key factors that drive
decisions about the type of drilling fluid selected for a specific
well are:
 Cost
 Technical performance
 Environmental impact.

Selecting the correct type of fluid for the specific conditions is an

important part of successful drilling operations.
These are generally classified as:-
 Water based mud (WBM)
 Oil based mud (OBM)
 Foam/Air based mud
 Drilling fluid

Water based Non-aqueous Pneumatic

drilling fluid drilling fluid drilling fluid
WATER BASED MUD:-
Most basic water-based mud systems begin with
water, then clays and other chemicals are incorporated
into the water to create a homogeneous blend
resembling something between chocolate milk and a
malt (depending on viscosity). The clay is usually a
combination of native clays that are suspended in the
fluid while drilling . The most common of these
is Bentonite. Many other chemicals (e.g. potassium
formate) are added to a WBM system to achieve
various effects, including: viscosity control, shale
stability, enhance drilling rate of penetration, cooling
and lubricating of equipment.
 OIL BASED MUD:-
Oil-based mud is a mud where the base fluid is a
petroleum product such as diesel fuel. Oil-based muds
are used for many reasons, including increased
lubricity , enhanced shale inhibition, and greater
cleaning abilities with less viscosity. Oil-based muds
also withstand greater heat without breaking down.
The use of oil-based muds has special considerations,
including cost, environmental considerations such as
disposal of cuttings in an appropriate place.
 FOAM BASED MUD:-
Compressed air is pumped either down the bore holes
annular space or down the drill string itself.
FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUID
 TRANSPORTATION OF DRILLED CUTTINGS AND
CAVINGS
 TO SUSPEND THE DRILLED CUTTINGS & CAVINGS
WHEN THERE IS NO CIRCULATION
 TO CONTROL THE FORMATION PRESSURE
 SEAL PERMEABLE FORMATIONS
 MAINTAIN WELLBORE STABILITY
 MINIMIZING FORMATION DAMAGE
 TO COOL AND LUBRICATE DRILL STRING & BIT
 CONTROL CORROSION
 FACILITATE CEMENTING & COMPLETION
 WELL LOGGING
 Well logging, also known as borehole logging is the
practice of making a detailed record (a well log) of
the geologic formations penetrated by a borehole. The
log may be based either on visual inspection of
samples brought to the surface (geological logs) or on
physical measurements made by instruments lowered
into the holes (geophysical logs). Some types of
geophysical well logs can be done during any phase of
a well's history: drilling, completing, producing, or
abandoning. Well logging is performed in boreholes
drilled for the oil and
gas, groundwater, mineral and geothermal explorati
on, as well as part of environmental
and geotechnical studies.
GEOTECHNICAL ORDER(GTO)
 The first step before spudding any well is well
programming.
 An effective well programming before undertaking drilling
of an exploratory well is must.
 This programming of the well which covers all geological
and other technicaldata and serves as guide during the
course of drilling is termed as “geo-technical order”.
 Blue print of well execution.
 Contain data likely to be encountered during drilling &
precautions to be taken.
 Guidance to Geologists, Drillers, Chemists & other Service
Groups.
 Jointly prepared by Geology, Drilling Fluid services,
Logging, Well Services.
RHEOLOGY OF DRILLING FLUID
 Rheology is the study of the deformation of fluids and
flow of matter. Its importance is recognised in the
analysis of fluid flow velocity profiles, fluid viscosity,
friction ,pressure losses and annular borehole
cleaning. Rheological properties are basis for all
analysis of well bore hydraulics and to assess the
functionality of the mud system. Rheological
characteristics of drilling mud also include yield point
and gel strength. Rheological properties are tested
throughout the drilling operations. It is critical to
control and maintain rheological properties as a failure
to do so can result in financial and loss of time, and in
extreme cases, it could result in the abandonment of
the well .
PROPERTIES OF DRILLING FLUID
 Mud weight
 Viscosity
 Plastic Viscosity
 Yield Point
 Gel Strength
 pH
 Lubricity
DIFFERENT TEST EQUIPMENTS

MUD BALANCE
FAN VISCOMETER
MARSH FUNNEL
RETORT KIT
MUD FILTRATION PRESS
PREPARATION OF DRILLING FLUID
 Most commonly used drilling fluid being is water based
drilling fluid. Bentonite clay is one of the most important
purchased clay mineral, which is used to prepare initial
drilling fluid. The drilling fluid or bentonite suspension in
drill water is usedto drill the portion of well.
 The preparation requires following steps:
 Clean the tank thoroughly by flushing them with drill
water.
 Take sufficient quantity of Drilling water.
 Add caustic soda through small stream of flowing water.
This shall ensure the alkalinity of the drilling fluid when
bentonite is added to it.
 Mix bentonite powder through hopper unit using water of
active pit. The rate of addition of water is controlled to
avoid choking of the hopper nozzle.
 Continue the addition of bentonite powder until desired
viscosity is achieved.
 Check the pH of gel under preparation. If it is between 9-
10.5 then stop adding caustic soda.
 Run agitators continuously.
 Keep the gel undisturbed for hydration for 6-8 hours. The
agitators must be off during the stage of hydration.
 Close all the water lines in order to avoid the entry of
inadvertent water in the gel.
 Avoid contamination of lime, cement or salt otherwise, it
shall not hydrate to give desirable viscosity.
 Avoid contamination of bentonite powder and caustic soda
by salt, cement or lime.
CHEMICALS USED AS ADDITIVES
IN DRILLING
 Bentonite
 Baryte (BaSO4)
 Calcium Chloride
 Calcium Carbonate
 Carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC)
 Carboxy methyl starch
 dispersant
 thinners
 de-flocculants
 lubricants
SOLID CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
 Solids control is a technique used in a drilling rig to
separate the solids in the drilling fluids that are crushed by
the drill bits and carried out of the well surface. Normally, a
solid control system contains these stages:
 shale shaker,
 mud cleaner,
 vacuum degasser,
 desander,
 desilter,
 centrifuge.
SHALE SHAKER
MUD CLEANER
DEGASSER
DESANDER
DESILTER
CENTRIFUGE
DRILLING HOLE PROBLEMS
 PIPE STICKING
 LOSS OF CIRCULATION
 HOLE DEVIATION
 DRILL PIPE FAILURES
 BOREHOLE INSTABILITY
 MUD CONTAMINATION
 PRODUCING FORMATION DAMAGE
 HOLE CLEANING
 GAS PRESENCE