STUDY OF NOZZLE

Arpit Savarkar
Ashutosh Ballawar
Neha Babar
Danish Babla
Sneha Bansude
 Content
• Nozzle
-Types Of Nozzle
- Equation For Nozzle By Steady Flow
Energy Equation
• Diffuser
-Equation For Diffuser By Steady Flow Energy
Equation
- Application
• Bernoulli’s Equation
 Types of nozzles
Three types of nozzles:-

 Convergent:- The cross section of nozzle tapers

to a smaller section allow for changes which occur due
changes in velocity, specific volume dryness fraction – as the
flow expands, it has lower expansion ratio and hence lower
outlet velocities.

 Convergent-----Divergent:- The nozzle

which converges to throat and diverges afterwards. It has
higher expansion ratio – as addition of divergent portion
produces steam of higher velocities.Eg- De-Laval Nozzle

 Divergent:- A nozzle whose cross section becomes

larger in the direction of flow is known as divergent nozzle.

DIVERGENT NOZZLE
 WORKING
DEPRINCIPLE
LAVALOF A DE LAVAL NOZZLE
NOZZLE
A de Laval nozzle (or convergent-divergent
The
Imagine nozzle,
reason youforCD
arethis nozzle
controlling
behavior or con-di
the
has to do
nozzle) is a tube that is pinched in the with
middle,
pressure
the waymaking
in cylinder
the flowsa carefully
B,behave balanced,
and measuring
at Mach
asymmetric hourglass shape. It is used 1, to
the accelerate
i.e.resulting
when the massa hot,
flow flow
speed rate
reaches
through thethe
pressurized gas passing through it to aspeed
higher
nozzle. speed
ofYou
sound.
may inInthe
expect axial
a steady that(thrust)
internal
the lower
direction, by converting the heat energy flow
youof(like
the flow
make athe into
nozzle) kinetic
pressurethe Mach energy.
in B the
number more
Because of this, the nozzle is widely used
can
mass in
only some
flowreachtypes
you'll1 atgetof steam the
a through
minimum in nozzle.
the
turbines and rocket engine nozzles. It cross-sectional
also
This sees
is true,usebut
inarea.
supersonic
only When
up to athe jet
point.
nozzle
If you
engines. isn't
lower choked,
the back thepressure
flow through enough it isyou
The nozzle was developed by Swedishentirely
inventor aGustaf
come tosubsonic de
place whereand,Laval
ifthe in
you 1888
flowlower for
ratethe
use on a steam turbine.This principle back
was first
suddenly used
pressurestops ainincreasing
a rocket
little, engine
the flow all together
goes
by Robert Goddard. Very nearly all modern and itrocket
faster and theengines
doesn't flow
matter ratethat
how employ
increases.
much lower hot
As
gas combustion use de Laval nozzles. you you lower
make the the back
back pressure
pressure further (even ifthe you
flow
make speed
it a vacuum)
at the throatyou can'teventually
get any
reaches
more mass the flow
speed outofofsound
the nozzle.
(Mach We 1).
Any
say further
that thelowering
nozzle has of thebecome
back
pressure
'choked'.can't You could
acceleratedelaythe thisflowbehavior
through
by making thethe
nozzle
nozzle anythroat
more,biggerbecause (e.g.
that
greywould
line) butentail
eventually
moving the same point thing
 The flow accelerates out of the chamber through the converging section, reaching its maximum
(subsonic)
A further speed atlowering
the throat. The flow then decelerates
of the back pressure through the diverging
changes section andand exhausts
into the ambient as a subsonic jet. Lowering the back pressure in this state increases the flow speed
weakens
everywhere the wave pattern in the jet. Eventually we will
in the nozzle.
Lower it far
have loweredenough and we theeventually
back get topressure
the situation shownenoughin figure 3b.
soThe flow pattern
that it is is
exactly the same as in subsonic flow, except that the flow speed at the throat has just reached Mach
now
1. Flow equal
through to the
the nozzle is nowpressure
choked since furtherat the nozzle
reductions in the exit. In this
back pressure can't move
the case,
point of M=1 the away from the throat.
waves in the However, the flow pattern inaltogether
jet disappear the diverging section does change
(figure
as you lower the back pressure further.
3f), and the jet will be uniformly supersonic. This
As pb is lowered below that needed to just choke the flow a region of supersonic flow forms just
situation,
downstream since
of the throat. Unlikeitais often
subsonic desirable,
flow, the supersonic flow is referred
accelerates as to as gets
the area
bigger.
the This region
'design of supersonic
condition'. acceleration is terminated by a normal shock wave. The shock wave
produces a near-instantaneous deceleration of the flow to subsonic speed. This subsonic flow then
decelerates through the remainder of the diverging section and exhausts as a subsonic jet. In this
regime if you lower
Finally, if or
we raise the backthe
lower pressure
backyou increase
pressure or decreaseeven the length of supersonic
further we flow
in the diverging section before the shock wave.
will
If you lower create
pb enoughayou new imbalance
can extend the supersonic between
region all the the
way downexit theand
nozzle back
until the
shock
pressures (exit pressure greater than back pressure), (the
is sitting at the nozzle exit (figure 3d). Because you have a very long region of acceleration
entire nozzle length) in this case the flow speed just before the shock will be very large in this case.
figure 3g. In this situation (called 'underexpanded')
However, after the shock the flow in the jet will still be subsonic.
whatthewe
Lowering back call
pressureexpansion
further causes the waves
shock to bend(that out produce
into the jet (figuregradual
3e), and a
complex pattern of shocks and reflections is set
turning and acceleration in the jet) form at the nozzle up in the jet which will now involve a mixture of
subsonic and supersonic flow, or (if the back pressure is low enough) just supersonic flow. Because
the exit,
shock isinitially turningtothe
no longer perpendicular flow
the flow at nozzle
near the the walls,
jet edges
it deflects itoutward in
inward as it leaves
the aexitplume
producingand an initially contracting
setting upjet.aWedifferent
refer to this astype
overexpanded flow because in this
of complex
case the pressure at the nozzle exit is lower than that in the ambient (the back pressure)- i.e. the flow
haswave
been expandedpattern. by the nozzle to much.
 CRITICAL PRESSURE RATIO

The maximum gas flow through a nozzle is determined by the critical pressure.
• The critical pressure ratio is the pressure ratio which will accelerate the flow to
a velocity equal to the local velocity of sound in the fluid.
Critical flow nozzles are also called sonic chokes. By establishing a shock wave the sonic
choke establish a fixed flow rate unaffected by the differential pressure, any fluctuations
or changes in downstream pressure. A sonic choke may provide a simple way to regulate
a gas flow.

The ratio between the critical pressure and the initial pressure for a nozzle can expressed
as
pc / pi = ( 2 / (n + 1) )n / (n - 1) (1)
where
pc = critical pressure (Pa)
pi = inlet pressure (Pa)
n = index of isentropic expansion or compression - or polytropic constant
 steam transonic flows in Laval nozzles

In aeronautics, transonic refers to the condition of flight in which a range of velocities of

airflow exist surrounding and flowing past an air vehicle or an airfoil that are concurrently
below, at, and above the speed of sound in the range of Mach 0.8 to 1.0, i.e. 600–768 mph (965–
1236 km/h) at sea level.
In large output turbines, the state path usually crosses the saturation line in the
penultimate stages. This means that at least last two stages of the low-pressure turbine
operate in the two-phase region, producing much more than 10% of the total power output. The
liquid phase in steam turbines is mainly created in the process of homogeneous and
heterogeneous condensation. The part of the hetero-geneous condensation in liquid phase
formation de-pends on steam purity. For the purposes of the prob-lems considered in this
paper it was assumed that the steam was perfectly pure. The flow in the low-pressure steam
Figure 1: Steam tunnel with auxiliary
turbine is com-plicated and still requires thorough experimental and numerical analysis to
devices:
increase 1) Control
energy valve,
conversion 2) By-pass,
ef-ficiency. 3)
Low-pressure turbine blades are key com-ponents in
Stopsteam
overall gate valve,
turbine 4) Stop Agate
design. fullyvalve at by-3-D stage flow analysis can provide an op-
de-veloped
pass,
timum 5) Inlet
blade nozzle,
profile, 6) of
capable Test section,losses
minimizing 7) from shock waves caused by supersonic
flow and also
Outlet from8)condensation
elbow, shocks.
Water injec-tor, 9) Pipe,
10) Safety valve, 11) Condenser, 12)
Suction line, 13) Throttle valve, 14)
Desuperheater, 15) Condensate tank, 16)
Control system of condensate level, 17)
Construction of steam nozzle
If great pressure differences exist in front and at the back of inlet nozzles of steam
turbines a secure attachment of the nozzles is sometimes rather difficult.
TheThe flow nozzle
difficulties was constructed
are eliminated based on
by milling or otherwise the following
machining the nozzles into a
completeIn aorsteam
specificationsundivided turbine
and ring.the combination of a casing, a
dimensions;
solid
An Throat
exampleDiameter60mm
is shown in the drawing affixed hereto.
TheThe
nozzle
single figure
carrier
of of
thethe
having
drawing
nozzle grooves in its outer
diameter ductshows
pipe a140mm
cross-section through one half of the
nozzles.periphery and forming a complete solid ring
The
Referring length
to this of theitup
figure willstream pipethe200mm
be seen that steam flows from the channel 6 in the
located
The1thickness
casing
in the
of the
into the nozzles
turbine
nozzle3.8mm
7. These
casing, and having its outer
nozzles are machined into a solid ring 2 which is
inserted
The periphery
into the of
length shrunk
turbine
the casing against
down 1. the
The turbine
stream pipe may inner
200mm periphery
work with ofsteam
full or partial
admission. A particularly good attachment of the ring 2 within the casing 1 is
The the turbine
height of the casing,which
nozzle820mm forms one of the nozzle
attained by shrinking the nozzle ring into the casing without making use of a
The
special length
sides,
guide of the
and
wheel body.nozzle690mm
a softThe metal
attachmentring
of thecaulked
ring 2 in thebetween the
manner specified
The size
permits, of the
however, pressure
of leaks as wellvalves
relative ½ inch
displacements. According to a further
inner the ring surface and the casingaso that the steam
Furthermore,
development the ring
nozzle selection of materials
is secured in position by for further
the construction
locking ring. This
ringofisadmitted
indicated
this to
flow innozzle the
the drawing
wasnozzles
by can
the numeral
based on theflow
3,factors only
it is tightenedsubstantially
which upincludes;
by cone head
screws 8 and thereby forces a packing ring 5 against a shoulder on the ring 2 as
well
in the easing
ductility, axial 1.direction
as on the malleability, In order
of the turbine.
fabricability,
to make quitemechanical
sure of a tightstrength
seal a ring and
4; of soft
stability,
metal is inserted Materials
availability,
between usedsurfaces
thecorrosion
adjacent for construction
resistance and lastly
of the casing ofcost
1 and a nozzle
the ring 2 by
caulking.
areIt:isBrass
factor. particularly applicable to super-pressure turbines.
, Stainless Steel , Zinc Aluminum Alloy,
Various modifications and changes may be made.
Hot Pressed Boron Carbide
The construction of the nozzle was done with
materials obtainable locally and the science of
operation carried out in constructing the nozzle
 Effects of friction on nozzle
efficiency
For stream flowing through a nozzle, its final velocity for a given pressure drop is reduces to:
• Friction between nozzle surface and stream
• Internal friction of stream itself.
• Shock losses.
Most of the frictional losses occur between the throat and exit in nozzle, producing following
effect.
• Expansion is no more isentropic.
• Enthalpy drop is reduced.
• Final dryness fraction of steam increases.(kinetic energy- heat, due to friction and gets
absorbed.)
• Specific volume of steam increases.(steam becomes more dry due to friction reheating)
Parameters of steam nozzle
 Foundation
 Rotor or shaft
 Cylinder or Casing
 Blades
 Diaphragm
 Steam Chest
 Coupling
 Bearings
 Labyrinth seal
 Front pedestal
 TSI
 D-EHC(governor)
 MSV(main steam stop value)
 CV(control value)
 IV(intercept value)
 CRV(combined reheat value)
 Turbine Turning Gear
 Turbine Bypass and Drains
 Lube oil system
 EHC oil system
 Gland steam systems
 Condenser
 Steam jet Ejector
 Vacuum Breaker
 SUPER SATURATED FLOW
When dry and saturated steam is caused to expand in a
nozzle, the actual measured steam flow is found to be
greater than the theoretical calculated flow. This is due to
the time lag in the condensation of steam and the steam
remains in dry state instead of wet. Such a steam is called
supersaturated steam. This time lag is caused due to the
fact that, the converging part of the nozzle is too short and
the steam velocity is too high that the molecules of steam
have insufficient time to form droplets.
 EFFECTS OF
SUPERSATURATED FLOW
 Final dryness fraction increases.

 Density of supersaturated steam is more than that for

equilibrium conditions(As no condensation during
supersaturated expansion => supersaturation temperature <
saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure).

 Thus , measured discharge (=>mass) is greater than that

theoretically calculated.
 MACH NUMBER
Mach number is the ratio of flow velocity passed the boundary to the local speed of sound.
It is a dimensionless quantity:- M=u/c
Where,
M= Mach Number.
u= Local flow velocity with respect to
the boundaries.
c= Speed of the sound in the medium.

If ,
M>1, the flow is supersonic
M<1, the flow is subsonic
M=1, the flow is sonic

Figure 4: Calculated Mach number

distribution (top) and Schlieren pictures
from experiment for D1 nozzle
 Nozzle
 It is the device that
increases the velocity and
decreases the pressure
 There is no heat transfer
in nozzle while
considering it as
insulated. So we take Q=0
 There is no work done so
we take W=0
 Height is same so Z1=Z2
 Types Of Nozzle
Convergent Nozzle :-
1) Used in most aircrafts
Convergent-Divergent Nozzle :-
1) Used in supersonic aircrafts
Equation For Nozzle By Steady
Flow Energy Equation
 Diffuser
 It is a device in which
velocity decreases n
pressure increases from
inlet to outlet
 Considering the
diffuser as insulated so
no heat tranfer,
therefore Q=0
 No work done so W=0
 Height is same so
Z1=Z2
Equation For Diffuser By Steady
Flow Energy Equation
Where
Q= heat transfer with surrounding
hin = specific enthalpy of inlet fluid
hout= specific enthalpy of outlet fluid
Vin = Velocity of inlet fluid
Vout = Velocity of outlet fluid
min = mass flow rate at inlet
mout= mass flow rate at outlet
Z= height from datum
Application Of Nozzle and Diffuser
Why pressure decreases with decrease
in area and velocity increases with
decrease in area ?
 Bernoulli’s Equation
 The Bernoulli principle states that an increase
in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously
with a decrease in the pressure exerted by the
fluid.
Stagnation Properties

Consider a fluid flowing into a diffuser at a
velocity ,
V temperature T, pressure P, and
enthalpy h, etc. Here the ordinary properties T, P, h, etc. are called the static
properties; that is, they are measured relative to the flow at the flow velocity. The
diffuser is sufficiently long and the exit area is sufficiently large that the fluid is
brought to rest (zero velocity) at the diffuser exit while no work or heat transfer is
done. The resulting state is called the stagnation state.

We apply the first law per unit mass

for one entrance, one exit, and
neglect the potential energies. Let
the inlet state be unsubscripted and
the exit or stagnation state have the
subscript o.

2 2
V Vo
qnet h  wnet  ho 
2 2

23
Since the exit velocity, work, and heat transfer are zero,
2
V
ho  h 
2
The term ho is called the stagnation enthalpy It is the enthalpy the fluid attains
when brought to rest adiabatically while no work is done.

If, in addition, the process is also reversible, the process is isentropic, and the
inlet and exit entropies are equal.

so  s
The stagnation enthalpy and entropy define the stagnation state and the
isentropic stagnation pressure, Po. The actual stagnation pressure for
irreversible flows will be somewhat less than the isentropic stagnation
pressure as shown below.
24
V2 / 2

25
 Ideal Gas Result

Rewrite the equation defining the stagnation enthalpy as

2
V
ho  h 
2
For ideal gases with constant specific heats, the enthalpy difference becomes

2
V
CP (To  T ) 
2

26
where To is defined as the stagnation temperature.
2
V
To  T 
2C P
For the isentropic process, the stagnation pressure can be determined from

or

Using variable specific heat data

Po Po / Pref PR @To
 
P P / Pref PR @T

27
 APPLICATIONS OF STEAM
NOZZLE
 To rotate steam turbine.

 Thermal power plant.

 Steam nozzle are also used for cleaning purpose.

 To produce a very fine jet spray.