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• Tetrahedral
• Trigonal planar
• Linear
• Angular
• Trigonal pyramidal
Simplest Hydrocarbons
Alkanes C C Alkenes C C
H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C H H C C C C C H
H H H H H H H H H H
Alkynes C C Aromatics H
H C H
H H H C C
H C C C C C H C C
H C H
H H H
H
Naming Hydrocarbons
(nomenclature)
Naming: common vs. IUPAC
• Common names used in the 1800’s are still used for some
compounds today: eg.
H C C H
Commonly known IUPAC: Ethyne
as Acetylene
• Pent-
Decade
?
Decimal
• Oct-
• Dec-
Decathalon • Hex-, Hept-, Non-
Alkanes
• Are straight or branched-chain containing
only single bonds
• Are a homologous series –a group of
compounds whose members differ by the
addition of the same structural group
• Named by using prefix and ending -ane
TASK
• Write chemical and structural formula for all alkanes that
contain up to 10 carbons
• Methane CH4
• Ethane CH3CH3
• Propane CH3CH2CH3
• Butane CH3CH2CH2CH3
• Pentane
• Hexane
• Heptane
• Octane
• Nonane
• Decane
• This is just the beginning……………………………………………………………..
You may have noticed that branching creates enormous variation
Try Naming These
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
H3C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
Structural Isomers
• Substances with the same chemical formula
by different arrangements of atoms
• Eg. Butane & 2 methyl-propane
H H
CH2 H C H
H C C H
H2C CH2
C C
H H
H H
TASK
• Study the following graphic.
• What 2 trends can be
identified?
• Hypothesize why these trends
exist.
• Q - Name these
H
H 3C C C2H4
2-butene C CH3
H
Ethene
H3C CH3 3-nonyne
Multiple multiple bonds
H 3C CH3 2,3-heptadiene
H3C C C C C C C CH2
2,4,6-nonatriyne CH3
• Rules
• Give 1st bond lowest #
• include di, tri, tetra, penta, etc. before ene/yne
• Comma between #s, hyphen between #-letter
H H 2-butyne HC C CH2
H C C C C H H2C CH
H H 1,2,4-pentatriene
CH3CH2CH2CH=C=CH2 1,2-hexadiene
Cyclic structures
Q- Draw these:
H H
H2C CH2 C CH2
H H
C C
HC CH H2C CH2
C C
H H
Naming side chains CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C CH3
3-ethyl-1,5,5-
trimethylcyclohexene
CH3
H3C
Try Drawing These
2,2-dimethyloctane
1,3-dimethylcyclopentane
1,1-diethylcyclohexane
6-ethyl-5-isopropyl-7-methyl-1-octene
Try Naming
CH3 CH3
H3C CH3
CH3 CH3
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• Aromatic compounds contain benzene ring
structures and their derivatives.
• Benzene (C6H6)
• most commonly used organic (nonpolar)
solvent
• very stable substance, unreactive
• toxic if inhaled-carcinogenic
• produced by processing coal, crude oil,
gasoline or the combustion of rubber tires
• The resonance of the single and double bonds accounts for the stability of
aromatic compounds.
• This is illustrated by resonance structures:
Aromatic nomenclature H3C
ST Ortho Meta
H3C
1,3-dimethylbenzene
H3C Para metadimethylbenzene
H3C CH3
1,4-dimethylbenzene
paradimethylbenzene